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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
DNA gyrase and helicase unwind short lengths of double stranded DNA and expose the separate strands. This is a
a. DNA polymerase b. Nucleotide c. Replication fork d. Leading strand e. Lagging strand |
Replication fork
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DNA ligase joins newly formed nucleotide fragments with the existing strand on the
a. DNA polymerase b. Nucleotide c. Replication fork d. Leading strand e. Lagging strand |
Lagging strand
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Which of the following grows toward the replication fork and is continuously replicated?
a. DNA polymerase b. Nucleotide c. Replication fork d. Leading strand e. Lagging strand |
Leading strand
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____________ binds to DNA and inserts complementary nucleotides to generate new DNA strands.
a. RNA primer b. DNA polymerase c. Replication fork d. Leading strand e. Lagging strand |
DNA polymerase
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________ carries the genetic code from the DNA to a ribosome where ________ binds to it and facilitates the function of translation by _________ which transports amino acids to the growing peptide chain.
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mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
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A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on _______ that specify the amino acid to be placed in a polypeptide.
a. rRNA b. Transcription c. Translation d. mRNA e. tRNA |
mRNA
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What is the function of an anticodon?
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Read a corresponding codon on mRNA and carry appropriate amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
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In transcription, RNA polymerase creates
a. tRNA b. DNA c. mRNA d. tRNA e. Nucleotides |
mRNA
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When does transcription end?
a. Once RNA polymerase reaches a termination region of the gene b. When DNA rewinds c. After the replication fork is closed d. Once DNA ligase has completed it’s task e. When it feels like it! |
Once RNA polymerase reaches a termination region of the gene
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What is the end result of translation?
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Creation of a new polypeptide
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Which of the following codes for proteins the bacteria always needs?
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Constituitive gene
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A bacterium has a gene that will allow it to produce a certain protein. However, when there is enough of the protein in the environment the bacterium no longer has to produce it so the gene is inhibited. What type of genetic trait is this example demonstrating?
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Repressible operon
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Which of the following is not a part of an operon?
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Inducible gene
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Which of the following is a change in the sequence of a DNA base?
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Mutation
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This type of genetic transfer usually occurs as the result of bacterial cell death and the release of DNA.
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Transformation
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When an unwanted microbe is present in a given place and time it is a/an
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Contaminant
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The use of physical mechanisms or chemical agents to destroy, inhibit, neutralize, or remove most potentially infections microorganisms from an object or surface is
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Decontamination
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Antisepsis is __________ that can occur on _________ to eliminate or inhibit microorganisms but does not imply sporicidal action
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Decontamination, living tissue
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What type of microbe is the most difficult to kill?
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Bacterial endospores
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In general, the more concentrated a chemical solution or intense a physical agent, the more rapidly microorganisms are destroyed. One notable exception to this rule is _________ which is more effective at 70% than 95%.
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Isopropyl alcohol
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Which of the following can inhibit a microorganism but not kill it?
a. Incineration b. Freezing c. Wet heat d. Gamma radiation e. Dry heat |
Freezing
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In order for wet heat to be effective the temperature must be _________ for ________.
a. 160 to 180oC, 1-2 hours b. 160 to 180oF, 15 minutes c. 121oC, 1-2 hours d. 121oC, 15 minutes e. 121oF, 15 minutes |
121oC, 15 minutes
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Electron beam radiation functions by
a. Destroying the cell wall b. Destroying the plasma membrane c. Inhibiting protein synthesis d. Altering nucleic acids e. Inhibiting translation |
Altering nucleic acids
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One of the major limitations of ultraviolet or non-ionizing radiation is it
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Requires lengthy exposure
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In filtration the most common filters are membrane micropore filters in which a ________ pore size is usually effective in removing all bacteria.
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.22 microns
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If you need a liquid sporicidal agent that is not inhibited by organic material you will choose
a. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide b. Glutaraldehyde c. Gaseous chlorine d. 70% alcohol e. Chlorhexidine |
Glutaraldehyde
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Beta-lactam antibiotics such as cephalosporins bind to the penicillin binding proteins of a bacteria and
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Inhibit cell wall synthesis
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An antibiotic can inhibit nucleic acid synthesis by
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Competitively inhibiting essential nucleic acid precursors
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Ineffective against gram negative bacteria, very low toxicity, and bacterial development of resistance due to modified PBP structure are all major characteristics of
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Inhibitors of cell wall function
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An antibiotic that will kill only the target organism without harming the host is
a. A killing agent b. An antibiotic c. An antimicrobic d. Selectively toxic e. Disinfectant |
Selectively toxic
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What class of antimicrobics inhibits accurate translation of mRNA or polypeptide chain formation?
a. Inhibitors of cell wall function b. Inhibitors of cell membrane function c. Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis d. Inhibitors of bacterial metabolism e. Inhibitors of protein synthesis |
Inhibitors of protein synthesis
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___________ is a rapid, low cost, and less sensitive test than a _________ test.
a. Primary, secondary b. Secondary, primary c. Presumptive, secondary d. Confirmatory, presumptive e. Presumptive, confirmatory |
Presumptive, confirmatory
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This type of hemolysis results in a clear zone around the colony
a. Alpha b. Beta c. Gamma d. Delta e. Epsilon |
Beta
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This type of hemolysis results in no change in the red blood cells around the colony.
a. Alpha b. Beta c. Gamma d. Delta e. Epsilon |
Gamma
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Antibody and antigen detection tests and gene probes are the only identification tests for
a. Moulds b. Fungus c. Bacteria d. Virus e. Parasites |
Virus
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What is the average cultivation time for yeasts?
a. 1-3 days b. 2-7 days c. 2-21 days d. 1-2 weeks e. 1-4 weeks |
2-7 days
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When a Fab site of an antibody binds to a similar, but incorrect, antigen the antibody is
a. Cross-reactive b. Detected c. Agglutinated d. Cultivated e. A true-positive |
Cross-reactive
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Sensitivity is the ability to detect __________ of antigen whereas specificity is the ability to detect __________ antigens.
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Low levels, correct
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What type of specimen is usually used for Ag-Ab testing?
a. Cerebrospinal fluid b. Feces c. Sputum d. Urine e. Serum |
Serum
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The reaction of a particle sized antigen with its corresponding antibody that results in clumping is
a. Immunofluorecence b. Enzyme immunoassay c. Agglutination d. Aggregation e. Gene detection |
Agglutination
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Gene amplification is the increase in the number of copies of significant microbial gene sequences so they can be detected. One method of accomplishing this is through PCR. What does PCR stand for?
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Polymerase chain reaction
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When performing microscopy on a sample of bacteria that has been gram stained you would use
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Oil immersion high power
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What is the correct order for the staining steps in a gram stain?
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Crystal violet, gram’s iodine, decolorizor, safranin
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When you want to see specimens in their natural state and can only use low or high dry power lenses you use what type of microscopic examination?
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Wet mount
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If a microorganism is not inhibited by the maximum safe dose of an antimicrobic the microorganism is _________. If a microbe is inhibited or killed by the maximum safe dose of an antimicrobic the microorganism is ____________.
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Resistant, susceptible
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What is one factor that prohibits a lab technician from assuming that one drug is better than another simply from the size of the zone of inhibition?
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Molecular size of the antimicrobic
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When disease traits of normal flora are demonstrated after normal host-microbe relationship is altered __________ of the normal flora has taken place.
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Opportunism
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Which of the following is not an antiphagocytic factor?
a. Collagenase b. Capsule c. Leukocidin d. Coagulase e. Survival of phagocytosis |
Collagenase
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What attaches the microbe to specific receptor sites on specific tissue?
a. Pili b. Surface chemicals c. Ingestion d. Coagulase e. Fimbriae |
Fimbriae
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What type of genetic alteration occurs when pieces of genetic material from one organism are incorporated into the genetic material of another?
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Gene recombination
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What is a sticky lining that traps invading organisms?
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Mucous
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What is the cytokine that acts as a local defense to viruses by inhibiting viral reproduction?
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Peristaltic action of the gut
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