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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where do fibers within the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus begin to synapse in?
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Yellow indicates the fasciculus gracilis and its nucleus gracilis (where it synapses). Red indicates fasciculus cuneatus and its nucleus cuneatus (where it synapses).
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Name the orange area. (hint: name circle and outlined space)
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Spinal trigeminal nucleus (circle) and tract (outlined space)
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What is the black box labeling?
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Trigeminal tubercle
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what type of afferents does the spinal trigeminal nucleus receive? what do these afferents convey?
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GSA; pain, temperature and crude touch from the face and external ear.
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what surface marking does the spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract give rise to?
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the tuberculum cinereum or trigeminal tubercle.
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what is the black box labeling?
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trigeminal tubercle
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what are the three subnuclei of the spinal nucleus?
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pars oralis, pars interpolaris, and pars caudalis
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For each number (1-3) give the corresponding subnuclei.
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1. Pars oralis, 2. Pars interpolaris, and 3. Pars caudalis.
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what is the Pars oralis responsible for?
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tactile input (crude touch)
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what is the pars interpolaris responsible for?
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dental pain
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what is the pars caudalis responsible for?
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pain and temperature input
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where do the nociceptive afferents from around or encircling the mouth synapse in?
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rostral part of the pars caudalis
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which subnuclei of the spinal nucleus has somatotopic organization? what kind of input does it receive?
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pars caudalis; V1-3
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describe the dorsal- ventral organization of the particular input for the pars caudalis.
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Ventral - V1, Dorsal -V3
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where do the sensory fibers from the external ear travelling in CN 7, 9, and 10 synapse in?
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dorsal most part of caudal subnucleus.
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In what nucleus do GSE neurons originate in?
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spinal accessory nucleus.
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Identify the orange circle.
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spinal accessory nucleus
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This is the pathway for which CN?
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spinal accessory
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Label all the colored areas with their appropriate tract name.
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light blue: medial longitundinal fasciculus
purple: tectospinal tract orange: rubrospinal tract dark blue: anterolateral system yellow: anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts |
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Identify where the dorsal column nuclei axonal projections decussate. What are they called?
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internal arcuate fibers
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After the neurons in the dorsal column nuclei send axonal projections that arc across the tegmentum enter the medial lemniscus, where do they ascend to?
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thalamus
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name the orange region and describe its function.
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accessory cuneate nucleus: receives proprioceptive information from the upper extremity that is destined for the cerebellum.
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where do the neurons from the accessory cuneate nucleus project to? Forming what tract?
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cerebellum as the cuneocerebellar tract
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Via what area does the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum?
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via inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body).
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Name the colored areas in this upper medulla cross section.
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blue: Hypoglossal nucleus
yellow: dorsal motor nucleus goldenrod: solitary nucleus orange: nucleus ambiguus grey: inferior olivary complex |
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name the colored regions in this cross section of the medulla.
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dark blue: tectospinal tract
light blue: medial longitudinal fasciculus yellow: pyramidal tracts |
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what are the major vessels that supply the lower medulla?
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anterior spinal artery, vertbral arteries and posterior spinal artery.
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what does the anterior spinal artery supply?
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anteromedial areas of lower medulla
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what does the posterior spinal artery supply?
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dorsal areas
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what do the vertebral arteries supply?
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lateral areas
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At more rostral areas, which area supplies lateral areas?
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Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
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where are the motor CN nuclei usually located? sensory nuclei?
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ventromedially; anterolateral
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the inferior olive is a derivative of what?
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the alar plate
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what cranial nerve is associated with the level of the obex?
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CN 12- hypoglossal
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what are the unique characteristics of the upper medulla?
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area postrema, restiform body, central tegmental tract, and ventral trigeminothalamic tract
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what is the function of the area postrema?
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chemosensitive trigger zone for emesis stimulated by blood-borne chemicals
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what disappears with the appearance of the restiform body?
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posterior spinocerebellar tract
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what does the restiform body provide?
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a major afferent pathway into the cerebellum from spinal cord and medulla.
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at the level of the obex, which tracts begin to form?
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central tegmental tract and ventral trigeminothalamic tract.
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what is the function of the central tegmental tract?
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local communication pathway within the brainstem.
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where is the central tegmental tract far more pronounced?
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rostral medulla and above
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what types of fibers does the central tegmental tract contain?
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fibers descending from the parvocellar red nucleus, ascending (taste) fibers originating in the gustatory nucleus (rostral solitary nucleus).
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where does the ventral trigeminaothalamic tract begin to form?
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lateral to the medial lemniscus
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what does the ventral trigeminothalamic tract carry?
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pain and temperature from the face.
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name the colored regions on this cross section of the upper medulla.
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blue: area prostrema
yellow: restiform body pink: ventral trigeminothalamic tract green: central tegmental tract |
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what are the structures retained from the level of sensory decussation?
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hypoglossal nucleus and nerve, nucleus ambiguus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, solitary nucleus and tract, nucleus gracilis and cuneatus, accessory cuneate nucleus, inferior olive and spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract.
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Identify all of the colored areas retained from level of sensory decussation.
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Yellow: pyramid
Grey: inferior olive Purple: spinal trigeminal nucleus blue: spinal trigeminal tract orange: restiform body green: obex pink: area postrema lime green: hypoglossal nucleus maroon: medial lemniscus |
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what are the prominent features of the midolivary level?
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inferior olivary complex, hypoglossal nerve and vagus nerve
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where does the hypoglossal nerve exit?
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preolivary sulcus
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where does the vagus nerve exit?
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the postolivary sulcus
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what is the principal olivary nucleus involved in?
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control of planned or skilled, voluntary movements;
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what are the two accessory olives called?
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medial accessory and dorsal accessory olive
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how do the output fibers from the inferior olive project to the cerebellum?
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through the contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle (olivocerebellar tract).
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where is the hypoglossal nucleus found?
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deep to the hypoglossal trigone.
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what is the labelled area? what can be found deep to this area?
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hypoglossal trigone; hypoglossal nucleus
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name the yellow area.
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nucleus ambiguus
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what cranial nerves are associated with the nucleus ambiguus?
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9, 10, and 11
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where does the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus lie deep to?
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vagal trigone
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where is the vagal trigone?
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lateral to the hypoglossal trigone
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where do the fibers of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus synapse? what are the associated structures?
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postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. associated with visceral structures of thorax and abdomen.
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the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus receives input from another nucleus, what is it? what does this input help the DMN take part in?
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solitary; efferent component of the baroreceptor reflex.
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The dorsal motor nucleus of vagus also plays a role in what protective action? (hint: think blood borne chemicals)
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emesis
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name the red region and its exit pathway.
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Dorsal motor nucleus and it exits in the postolivary sulcus.
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name the purple region and its exit pathway.
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solitary nucleus and it exits via the postolivary sulcus.
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what are the two general zones of the solitary nucleus? what type of afferents are present?
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1) rostral and (lateral) gustatory zone. SVA from the oral cavity and pharynx via CN 7.9.10 and 2) a more caudal cardiorespiratory zone.
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where do the neurons from the gustatory nucleus project to? via which tract?
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thalamus (ventral posteromedial nucleus); central tegmental tract
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what two CNs contribute to the cardiorespiratory zone of the solitary nucleus?
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11 and 10
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which reflex is most notably taken by the caudal solitary nucleus?
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baroreceptor
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neurons from the cardiorespiratory zone project to which nuclei?
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dorsal motor neurons, nucleus ambiguus, and the intermediolateral column.
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the vestibular nuclei receive input from what?
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the labyrinth of the inner ear
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what is the vestibular nuclei involved in?
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body equilibrium and control of eye movement.
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Damage to the vestibular nuclei will result in what?
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vertigo, nausea and nystagmus
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what nuclei is the arcuate nuclei continuous with?
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pontine
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what do arcuate nuclei send axons into the cerebellum as?
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ventral external arcuate fibers and striae medullares
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Name all the colored areas.
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purple: spinal nucleus and tract
dark blue: anterolateral system orange: arcuate nuclei red: pyramidal tract yellow: medial lemniscus light blue: tectospinal tract and medial longitundinal fasciculus |
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what is no longer present at the midolivary level? (hint: vestibular nuclei adopt their position)
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nucleus gracilis and cuneatus
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three things appear in the rostral medulla, what are they?
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1) dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, 2) inferior salivatory nucleus, and 3) nucleus prepositous
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what nucleus receives influences from hypothalamus and olfactory system?
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inferior salivatory nucleus
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In the rostral medulla, what two tracts are now part of the restiform body?
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posterior spinocerebellar tract and cuneocerebellar tract
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what are two functions of the reticular formation?
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consciousness and sleep
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what is the blood supply to the upper medulla?
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vertebral arteries, anterior spinal artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
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what are two distinct long tract features that relate to the medulla?
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in the caudal medulla, both the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system and corticospinal tract decussate.
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Ventrally, what is the caudal boundary of the lower medulla? Dorsally, what is the caudal boundary?
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Ventral- pyramidal decussation
dorsal- obex |