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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ossification
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fragile membranes and cartilage that start turning into bone
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periosteum
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the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
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Compact bone (cortical bone)
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the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
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Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
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lighter and not as strong as compact bone. commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones (red bone marrow is located here)
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Medullary Cavity
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central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone. (red and yellow bone marrow are stored)
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Endosteum
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the tissue that lines the medullary cavity
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Red Bone Marrow
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located within the spongy bone, a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells and thrombocytes
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Hemopoietic
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pertaining to the formation of blood cells
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yellow bone marrow
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functions as a fat storage area
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Cartilage
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the smooth rubbery blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
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articular cartilage
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covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints. makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other.
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meniscus
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curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw
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diaphysis
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the shaft of a long bone
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epiphyses
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the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the leg
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foramen
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an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
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process
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a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
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joints (articulations)
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place of union between two or more bones
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fibrous joints
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consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together
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fontanelles (soft spots)
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normally present on the skull of a newborn, gradually harden
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cartilaginous joints
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allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
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pubic symphysis
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allows some movement to facilitate childbirth
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synovial joint
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created where two ones articulate to permit a variety of motions (ball-and-socket joints and hinge joints)
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synovial capsule
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the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
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synovial membrane
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lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
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synovial fluid
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flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of teh joint possible
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ligaments
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are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
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bursa
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fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to frictions, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone
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axial skeleton
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protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
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appendicular skeleton
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makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
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skull
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consists fo the bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face and 6 bones in the middle ear.
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cranium
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which is made up of the following 8 bones, is that portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain
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frontal bone
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the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
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parietal bones
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two of the largest bones of the skull, form roof and upper sides of the cranium
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occipital bone
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forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
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temporal bones
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form the sides and base of the cranium
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external auditory meatus
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opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
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sphenoid bone
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is an irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull
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ethmoid bone
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light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose
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auditory ossicles
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the tree tiny bones located in each middle ear
(malleus, incus, and stapes) |
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nasal bones
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form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
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zygomatic bones
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cheek bones, articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead
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maxillary bones
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form most of the upper jaw
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palatine bones
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form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose
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lacrimal bones
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make up part of the orbit at the inner angle
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inferior conchae
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thin scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
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vomer bone
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forms the base for teh nasal septum
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mandible
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(jawbone) the only movable bone of the skull. attached at the temporomadiublar joint
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thoracic cavity
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(rib cage) bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
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ribs
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(costals) attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
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sternum
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which is also known as the breast bone. flat, dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
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manubrium
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the bony structure that forms the upper portion of teh sternum
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body of the sternum
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is the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
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xiphoid process
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the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
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pectoral girdle
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which supports the arms and hands
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clavicle
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also known as the collar bone, slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
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scapula
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shoulder blade
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acromion
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an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
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humerus
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the bone of the upper arm
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radium
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the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. (thumb side of the forearm)
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ulna
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larger and longer bone of the forearm
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olecranon process
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funny bone, large projection on the upper end of the ulna
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carpals
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the bones that form the wrist
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metacarpals
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the 5 bones that form the palms of the hand
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phalanges
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the 14 bones of the fingers
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spinal column
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protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body. consists of 26 vertebrae.
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lamina
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posterior portion of a vertebra (transverse and spinous process extend from this area)
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intervertebral disks
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made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other
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cervical vertebrae
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the first set of 7 vertebrae and they form the neck
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thoracic vertebrae
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T1-T12, the second set of 12 vertebrae, each has a pair of ribs attached to it
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lumbar vertebrae
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L1-L5, together they form the inward curve of the lower spine
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sacrum
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the slightly curved, triangular shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back
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coccyx
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also known as the tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together
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pelvic girdle
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protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
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ilium
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the broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
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sacroiliac
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the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
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ischium
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forms the lower posterior portion of the public bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
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pubis
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which forms the anterior portion of eh pubic bone
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acetabulum
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hip socket, the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis
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popliteal
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describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments vessels and muscles related to this joint are located
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cruciate ligaments
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make the movements of the knee possible
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tibia
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shinbone, larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
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fibula
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the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
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ankles
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joints that connect lower leg and the foot
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malleolus
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rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
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talus
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the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
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calcaneus
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also known as teh heel bone
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chiropractor
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Doctor of Chiropractic degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
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orthopedic surgeon
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physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints and muscles
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osteopath
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Doctor of osteopathy uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating heath problems by spinal manipulation
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podiatrist
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Doctor of Podiatry degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
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rheumatologist
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a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation
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ankylosis
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the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or a surgical procedure
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arthrosclerosis
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stiffness of the joints especially in the ederly
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bursitis
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inflammation of a bursa
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chondromalacia
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abnormal softening of carrtilage
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chondroma
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slow-growing benign tumor derived form cartilage cells
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costochondritis
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inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
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hallux valgus
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abnormal enlargement of the joint at teh base of teh great toe
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hemarthrosis
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blood within a joint
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polymyalgia rheumatica
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geriatric inflammatory disorder of teh muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and things
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synovitis
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inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
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dislocation
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total displacement of a bone from its joint
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subluxation
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the partial displacement of a bone from its joint
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arthritis
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inflammatory condition of one or more joints
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osteoarthritis
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most commonly associated with aging, a degenerative joint disease bc known as the wearing away of the arictular cartilage within the joints
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osteophytes
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bone spurs
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spondylosis
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the degenerative disorder can cause loss of normal spinal structure and function
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gouty arthritis
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known as gout, a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints
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rheumatoid arthritis
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chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
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ankylosing spondylitis
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form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily cause inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
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juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or less. stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth and fatigue
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herniated disk
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breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
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lumbago
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low back pain
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spondylolisthesis
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forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
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spina bifida
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congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
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kyphosis
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abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine (humpback)
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lordosis
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abnormal increase in forward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)
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scoliosis
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abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
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craniostenosis
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malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
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fibrous dysplasia
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bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue
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ostealgia
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pain in a bone
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osteitis
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inflammation of a bone
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osteomalacia
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adult rickets, abnormal softening of bones in adults
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osteomyelitis
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inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
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osteonecrosis
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death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply
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paget's disease
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excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation
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periostitis
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an inflammation of the periosteum
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rickets
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vitamin D deficiency in children
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short stature
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dwarfism, condition resulting from the failure of the bones of limbs to grow to an appropriate length
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talipes
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any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
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primary bone cancer
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relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
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secondary bone cancer
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tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs
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myeloma
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type of cancer that occurs in blood making cells found in the red bone marrow
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osteochondroma
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benign bon projection covered with cartilage
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osteoporosis
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loss of bone density and an increase in one porosity that is frequently associated with aging
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osteopenia
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thinner than average bone density
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compression fracture
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bone is pressed together on itself (vertebral crush fracture)
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Colles fracture
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fractured wrist, lower end of the radius
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osteoporotic hip fracture
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weakening of the bones due to ostepporosis can occur spontaneously or as result of a fall
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closed fracture
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simple/ complete fracture. bone is broken but no open wound in the skin
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open facture
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compound fracture, bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
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comminuted fracture
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one in which the bone is splintered or crushed
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greenstick facture
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bone is bent and only partially broken
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oblique fracture
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occurs at an angle across the bone
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pathologic fracture
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weakened bone breaks under normal strain
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spiral fracture
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fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
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stress facture
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overuse injury, small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
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transverse facture
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occurs straight across the bone
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fat embolus
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form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
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crepitation
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grating sound heard when the ends of broken bone move together
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callus
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forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break
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radiograph
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use of x radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities
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arthroscopy
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visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
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bone marrow biopsy
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diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete count test
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magnetic resonance imagine
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used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
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bone density testing
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used to determine losses or changes in bone density
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ultrasonic bone density testing
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a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass
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dual x-ray absorptiometry
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low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
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bone marrow transplant
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used to treat certain types of cancers such as leukemia and lymphomas
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allogenic bone marrow transplant
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uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling
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autologous bone marrow transplant
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patient receives his own bone marrow cells
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orthotic
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mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint that is specially designed to control, correct or compensate for impaired limp function
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arthrolysis
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surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
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arthroscopic surgery
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minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
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chondroplasty
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surgical repair of damaged cartilage
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synovectomy
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surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
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viscosupplementations
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injections used to add a preparation of hyaluronic acid and related compounds to a joint, easing friction and making movement easier
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arthroplasty
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surgical repair of a damaged joint
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total knee replacement
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all of the parts of the knee were replaced
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partial knee replacement
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procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced
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hip resurfacing
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an alternative to removing the head of the femur
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revision surgery
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replacement of a worn or failed implant
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percutaneous diskectomy
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preformed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk
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percutaneous vertebroplasty
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preformed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures
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laminectomy
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surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra
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spinal fusion
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technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae
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craniectomy
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surgical removal of a portion of the skull
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craniotomy
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surgical incision or opening into the skull
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cranioplasty
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surgical repair of teh skull
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osteoclasis
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surgical facture of a bone to correct a defomity
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ostectomy
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surgical removal of a bone
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steoplasty
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surgical reapir of a bone or bones
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osteorrhaphy
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surgical suturing or wiring together of bones
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osteotomy
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surgical cutting of a bone
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periosteotomy
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an incision through the periosteum to the bone
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closed reduction
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attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
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immobilization
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act of holding, suturing or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
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traction
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pulling forced exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
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external fixation
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fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in one place
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internal fixation
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fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold broken pieces in place
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ankyl/o
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crooked, bent, stiff
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arthr/o
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joint
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chondr/i, chondr/o
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cartilage
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cost/o
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rib
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crani/o
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skull
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-desis
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to bind, tie togehter
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kyph/o
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bent, hump
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lord/o
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curve, swayback, bent
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-lysis
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loosening or setting free
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myel/o
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spinal cord, bone marrow
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oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
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bone
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scoli/o
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curved, bent
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spondyl/o
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vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
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snovi/o, synov/o
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synovial membrane, synovial fluid
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-um
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singular noun ending
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