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230 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
medical words consist of the parts...
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prefix, suffix, word root, combining form
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word root is
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the main part or foundation of the word
each med word will have at least one word root |
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in medical words, word root usually indicates
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a body part
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cardi
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heart
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dent
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tooth
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pancreat
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pancreas
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dermat
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skin
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gastr
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stomach
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enter
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intestine
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-ist
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specialist
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-al
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pertaining to
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-oma
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tumor
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Suffixes are at ____
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the end
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Suffixes will usually indicate
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a procedure, condition, disease or part of speach
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3 rules of word building as pertaining to suffixes
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If suffix starts with a vowel, o not needed btw the word root and the suffix
need o when suffix doesnt start with a vowel always use o to connect to word roots` |
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Prefixes
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@ beg.
-usually indicates a #, time, position, or negation |
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intra
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in, within
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post
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after
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peri
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around
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pre
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in front of, before
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When defining a medical word, what is the order that you look at the word parts?
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1. suffix
2. prefix 3. middle |
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diacritical marks are
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symbowls placed above or under vowels
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the macron
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type of diacritical mark (-) dash above vowel
indicates a long sound, straight could drag. MacrON is lONg |
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the breve
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diacritical mark that is curved dash above a vowel
short sound has to stop when curved breve, sounds like brief |
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Capitalization used to indicate
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primary accent
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pronunciation:
ae and oe |
for ae and oe, only the second vowel is pronounced
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pronunciation:
s and j |
pronounce s like c if before e, i and y
j like g if before an e,i,y |
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before other letters c and g have
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hard sounds
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ch sometimes pronounced like
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k
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when pn is at the front, what letter is silent and which is pronounced?
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p is silent, n pronounced
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when pn in the middle
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p and n pronounced
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ps at beginning only the
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s is pronounced
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when e or es final letters of word
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commonly pronounced as separate syllables
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when i at the end
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pronounced like eye
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arthr/o
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joint
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arthr/o/centesis means
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centesis=surgical puncture
arthr/o= joint surgical puncture of the joint |
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centesis
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surgical puncture
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clast
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to break
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osteoclast
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breakdown old bone so new bone can be laid down
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-desis
arthr/o/desis |
binding fixation ( of a bone or joint)
arthrodesis would be binding or fixation of a joint |
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-ectomy
appendectomy |
excision or removal
removal of the appendix |
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append-
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appendix
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-lysis
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separation; destruction losening
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thromb/o
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blood clot
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-pexy
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fixation of an organ
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-plasty
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surgical repair
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rrhaphy
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suture
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-stomy
trache/o/stomy |
forming an opening mouth
forming an opening in the trachea- say if something is obstructing an airway |
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-tome
-oste/o/tome |
-instrument to cut
-instrument to cut bone |
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-tomy
-tracheotomy |
-incision
-incision in the neck |
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-tripsy
-lith/o/tripsy: |
-crushing
-crushing a stone, |
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-gram
-electr/o/cardi/o/gram |
-record or writing
-electronic recording of the heart -used to diagnosis heart abnormalities |
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-graph
-cardi/o/graph |
intrument for recording
instrument that records your heart |
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-graphy
-angiography |
-the process of recording
-recording a vessel -y at the end means the process of without is the result |
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-meter
-pelvimeter |
-instrument for measuring
-instrument for measuring the pelvis |
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-metry:
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the process of measuring
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-scope:
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instrument for examination
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-scopy
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actual visual examination
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-algia, -dynia
-otodynia |
>pain
>pain of the ear |
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-cele:
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>hernia, swelling
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-ectasis:
-bronchiectasis |
> expansion, dilation
>dilation or expansion of bronchi |
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-edema:
lymphedema |
>swelling
>swelling of the lymph |
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-emesis:
-hyperemesis |
>vomitting
>excessive vomiting |
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-emia
-an/emia |
-blood condition
-so not a blood condition |
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-iasis
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>an abnormal condition produced by something specific
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-itis
gastritis |
> inflammation
>inflammation of the stomach |
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-lith
-cholelith |
-stone, calculus
-gall stone |
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-malacia
chondr/o/malacia |
-malacia
-softening of the cartilage |
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-megaly
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-enlargement
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-osis
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-abnormal condition; increase
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-pathy
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>disease
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-penia
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-decrease, deficiency
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-phobia
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>fear
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-plegia
hemi/plegia |
>paralysis
>partial, half of body paralyzed-either the right or left side |
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-rrhage, rrhagia:
-hemorrhage |
>bursting of
>bursting of blood |
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rrhea:
diarrhea: |
discharge, flow
discharge or flow through |
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-rrhexis
arteriorrhexis |
rupture
artery ruptured |
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-stenosis
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>narrowing, stricture
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-toxic
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poisin
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-trophy:
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nourishment, development
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make a word ending with -a plural
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keep a and add an e
becomes ae |
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ending with -ax make it plural:
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-drop the x add ces
-aces |
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make an -en ending plural
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drop en add ina-
lumen>lumina |
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-make an -is ending plural
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-drop is and make es
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make -ix ending plural
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drop ix and add -ices
appendix to appendices |
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make an ex ending plural
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-drop ex add -ices
apex>apices |
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ending in -ma to plural
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keep ma but in addition add ta
stoma to stomata |
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-ending in on make plural
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-drop on add an a
ganglion becomes ganglia |
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ending in -um make plural
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-drop um add a
bacterium becomes bacteria |
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-us ending make plural
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drop us add i
bronchus becomes bronchi |
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-y ending to plural
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drop y add ies
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a-, an-
a/mast/ia |
not without
(a, an-)without (mast) a breast (ia)-condition |
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circum-,peri-
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around
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dia-, trans-
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through or across
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dipl, diplo-
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double
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endo-,intra
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in, within
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homo, homeo-
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same
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hypo-
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under below, deficient
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macro-
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large
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micro-
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small
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mono-, uni
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one
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post-
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after
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pre-
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before, infront of
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primi-
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first
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retro-
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backwards, behind
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super-
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above, upper
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cellular level
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smallest structural and functional unit of the body
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tissue level
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group of cellls performing specialized function
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organs
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groups of tissues that perform specific function
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system level
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groups of organs that are interconnected or that have similar or interrelated function
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organsism level
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collection of body systems that makes up the complex level
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chondr/o-
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cartilage
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cyt/o
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cell
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hist/o
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tissue
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nucle/o
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nucleus
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anter/o
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to the front or anterior
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caud/o
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tail
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dist/o
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far, farthest
think of your distal phalanges, farthest from your bod |
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dors/o
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back of
dorsal fins on the back doesnt work with farthest |
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infer/o
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low, below
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later/o
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side, to one side
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medi/o
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towards the middle
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poster/o
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back of body, behind, posterior
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proxim/o
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near, nearest
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ventr/o
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belly, the belly side or front
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-ad
mediad |
toward
toward the middle |
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-logist
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scpecialist in the study of
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-lysis
cytolysis |
separation; destruction; loosening
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-toxic
cytotoxic |
poison
substance that is detrimental or destructive |
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nucle/o/toxic
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substance that interferes with or destroys cellular reproductive process in the nucleus.
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-logy
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study of
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cyt/o/lysis
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destruction of a cell
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hist/o/logist
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scientist who specializes in microscopic identificantion of cells and tissues
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different suffixes meaning pertaining to
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-ac,-al,-ar,-ic, -iac, -ior
-ary, -eal, -ous, -tic |
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back of the body
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dors/al
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SIDE, to one side
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lateral
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belly, belly side
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ventral
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anatomical position
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body erect, eyes forward, arms at the side palms facing forward, legs parallel toes straight
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the median (midsagital plane)
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devides body into right and left portions
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frontal plane
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divides into anterior and posterior portions
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horizontal plane
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through the midsection, super region toward head inferior region toward the bottom
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ventral is belly side, so synonym would be
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anterior-both refer to the front of the body structure
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posterior most similiar to ____ and means
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toward the back
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poster/o/anter/ior
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referring to the front and back of the body.
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infer/ior or infer/o
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below or lower, pertaining to lower
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super means a position that is
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upper or above.
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eyes are ___ to mouth, mouth is ____ to eyes
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superior, inferior
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pertaining to the side, back
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post/o/later/al
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-ad
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toward
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medi/ad
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toward the middle
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cephal
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head
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cephal/ad
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toward the head
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caud/
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tail- so like inferior
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caudal about the same as
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inferior, toward the tail
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proxim/
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near
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distal/
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far
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ad-
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toward
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ab-
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away
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-duction
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duction means leading bringing, conducting
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ad/duction
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toward the body
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ab/duction
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away from the body
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abdomin-
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abdomen
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-al
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pertaining to
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cephal-
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head
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cervic-
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neck or the neck of the uterus
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crani-
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cranium skull
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gastr-
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stomach
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ili-
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ilium (flaring portion of the hip bone
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inguin-
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groin
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lumb-
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lower back
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pelv/
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pelvis
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spin-
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spine
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thorac-
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chestc
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umbilic-
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umbilicus or naval
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three major planes of the body:
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horizontal (transverse) -cross sectional
(median)midsagital frontal (coronal) |
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radi-
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radiation, x ray
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trans-
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through
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-verse
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turning
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frontal plane also called ____ and divides body
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into posterior and anterior
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taking an anter/o/poster/ior radiograph means
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beam enters brody on anterior side and exits through the back
remember first suffix then prefix then middle |
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body contains two major cavities which are:
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dorsal and ventral cavities.
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cavities are hollow spaces that contain
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internal organs
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dorsal and ventral cavities are further divided into:
what are they called |
2 dors/al and 2 ventr/al sub-cavities
2 dorsal-nervous system: >cranial >spinal 2 ventral >thoracic: heart and lungs >abdomin/o/pelvic>digestive and reproduction system |
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what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
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diaphram: dome shaped muscle
imp for breathing |
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In the cranial cavity
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lies the skull and brain
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In the spinal cavity
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backbone
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abdominopelvic cavity is huge divided into ____ or ____
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quadrant or region
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larger dividing method for the abdominopelvic cavity includes
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quadrants:
-R upper and lower quadrants Left upper and lower quadrants |
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quadrant that contains most of the stomach
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RUQ
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the smaller way that divides abdomino pelvic cavity into 9 parts are:
Imp. to note from atomical position, what think left is right |
regions:
-right hypochondriac -epigastric -left hypo chondriac -right lumbar - umbilical - left lumbar -right inguinal -hypogastric - left |
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under or below the stomach also a region in abdominopelvic cavity
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hypo/gastr/ic
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epi-
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above
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above or on the stomach
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epi/gastr/ic
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hypo/chondr/iac regions
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below the cartilage of the ribs
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region btw the right and left lumbar regions
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umbilical region
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hernia
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protrusion or projection of an organ through wall of cavity that normally holds it
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region inbetween the right and left inguinal regions is
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the hypogastric region
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abbreviation for abdomen
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abd
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abbreviation for anterior
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ant
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AP is the abbreviation for
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anteroposterior
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bx, Bx abreviation
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biopsy
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LAT, lat abbreviation
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lateral
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LLQ
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left lower quadrant
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CT
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computed tomography
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CXR
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Chest x ray, chest radiograph
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
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LUQ
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Left upper quadrant
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PA
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posterioranterior; pernicious anemia; pulmonary artery
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RLQ
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right lower quadrant
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U & L, U/L
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upper and lower
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PET
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Positron emission tomography
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US
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ultra sound
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SPECT
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single photon emission computed tomography
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adhesion
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band of scar tissue binding anatomical surface that normally separate from each other
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inflammation
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protective response of body tissues to irritation infection or allergy
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sepsis
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body's inflammatory response to infection, in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rate and low blood pressure.
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endoscopy
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visual exam of interior of organs and cavities with specialized lighted instrument called endoscope
also used to obtain tissue for biopsy, surgery, follow disease, assess healing |
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fluoroscopy
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directs x rays through body
to a fluorescent screen for viewing motion of organs like digestive tract or heart |
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross sectional images of the body. doesnt need ionizing x rays -no contrast medium needed -shows soft tissues well |
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nuclear scan
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diagnostic technique that produces image of organ or area by recording concentration of a radiophamaceutical into the body
-detects shape, size, location and function of organ |
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radiography
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captured shadow images on photographic film
through ionizing radiation from external source |
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radiopharmaceutical
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drug with radioactive substance that travels to specific area or organ that will be scanned
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scan
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technique for carefully studying an area, organ or system
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tomography
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radiographic technique that produces a film representing a detailed cross section, or slice of tissue or organ
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CT and about it
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computed tomography
radiographic technique uses narrow beam of x rays* rotates in afull arc around patient* gives multiple views computer interprets to make a cross section |
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PET
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positron emission tomography
-radiographic technique -combines CT with radiopharmaceuticals produces cross section image of dispersed radioactivity shows where deficiency in metabolism |
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SPECT
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single photon emission computed tomography
type of nuclear imaging scans organ after injecting radioactive tracer uses gamma camera that detects radiation 3d image composite from numerous views |
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ultrasonography
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high frequency sound waves used
bounce off tissues record image it produces |
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doppler
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ultra high frequency sound waves & Doppler tech. used to produce sound of blood flowing through an artery
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anastomosis
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connection btw 2 vessels; surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels or bowel segments that allows flow btw the 2
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