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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Supination of the foot
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a combined motion of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction of the foot
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Pronation of the foot
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a combined motion of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction of the foot
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Calcaneous (position of the foot)
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weight on the heel, and foot is dorsiflexed with toes extended.
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Equinus (position of the foot)
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weight is on the "balls" of the foot
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Pes Cavus
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a shortened plantar fascia, characterized by a high arch
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Pes Planus
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a lax plantar fascia, characterized by a flat arch
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Talipes equinovarus
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a congenital condition in which the foot turns inward and downward. also know as congenital club foot
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Internal tibial torsion
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a condition where the tibia is rotated medially at the knee causing in-toe gait
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External tibial torsion
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a condition in which the tibia is laterally rotated at the knee causing an out-toe gait
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Femoral torsion
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an inward twisting of the thigh bone resulting in a knock-kneed position
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Femoral retroversion
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the femoral neck and head is oriented posteriorly to coronal (frontal) plane of the femor
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femoral anteversion
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a condition in which the femoral neck and head are directed anteriorly in reference to the coronal plane
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Cubital varus
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a decreased carrying angle of the elbow
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Cubital valgus
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an increased carrying angle of the elbow
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Genu varus
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an outward bowing of the femur on the tibia
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Genu valgus
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an inward deviation of the femur on the tibia, knocked-knee
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Hallux valgus
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when the big toe points inward, usually into the 2nd toe
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coxa varus
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the angle of the head & shaft of the femur is less than 120 degrees
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coxa valgus
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the angle between the head and shaft of the femur is greater than 135 degrees
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calcaneal varus
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the heel is turned inward, or is inverted
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calcaneal valgus
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the heel is turned outward, or is everted
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Ganglion cyst
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a swelling or tumor on a joint or tendon sheath, also known as a bible cyst
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ecchymosis
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a small hemorrhage spot on the skin
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contusion
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a bruise
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bursitis
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inflammation of the bursa sac
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synovitis
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inflammation of the synovial membrane
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tendinitis
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inflammation of the tendon
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tendinosis
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chronic degeneration of a tendon from prolonged tendinitis
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muscle guarding
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a protecting response in muscle that results from pain or fear of movement/pain
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muscle spasm
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a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle. often is painful
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Based on the examination, your evaluation should establish:
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the diagnosis, which includes a list of functional limitations and impairments, and the prognosis, which includes the POC, goals, and outcomes
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Things to consider for a holistic approach to patient care:
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1) the patient is an individual with unique needs
2) psychosocial aspects - family support 3) learning style & cognitive abilities 4) Goals & outcomes relative to patient's needs 5) promote wellness - education 6) comorbidities 7) fitness level and lifestyle factors |
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Forms of intervention?
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psychological, nutrition counseling, pharmacological, radiation, immobilization, modalities & physical agents, application of external forces (i.e. traction), ther-ex, education, relaxation, prevention, surgery
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Types of surgery?
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manipulation, open - incision, arthroscopic, microsurgery
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Surgerical procedures
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incision & drainage, exploratory/diagnostic, open reduction, release, resection (excision, debridement, lysis/lavage), reconstruction (osteotomy or grafting), surgical lengthening (Ilizarov technique), repair, replantation, replacement, implantation, fusion (arthodesis), transposition, disarticulation, revision
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Signs & symptoms of inflammation
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heat, erythemia/redness, swelling/edema, pain, loss of function
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Functions of articular cartialge
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main function is shock absorption and facilitation of low friction movements; growth in youth
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Chondrocytes
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cells of cartialge; synthesize and make extracellular matrix that is made of collagen fiber and ground substance
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Proteoglycans - complex protein
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part of ground substance
responsible for contributing to the firm consistency of cartilage. they attract water made of hyaluronic acid core and glycoaminglycan |
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Hyaline Cartilage
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avascular, aneural, dependent on diffusion from synovial fluid for nutrition.
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Healthy Cartilage needs:
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synovial fluid, movement, and mechanical forces with variance
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Degeneration of articular cartialge
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Part of normal aging process (wear/tear)
Primarily idiopathic degen jt dis. (DJD) Secondarily degen - associated with trauma |
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Idiopathic Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
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degeneration of cartialge, remodeling in subchondral bone, transient inflammation in synovial membrane, typical of WB joint
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Secondary DJD
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micro or macro trauma, chemical trauma, exposure to air, congenital abnormalities, prolonged immobilization, cyclic inflammation, joint instability
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Sequence of events in degeneration of articular cartilage
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1) release of enzymes associated with inflam.
2) degradation and release of proteoglycans 3) disruption of collagen fiber network (fibers become disorganized and release proteos into joint space) |
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Types of cartilage degeneration
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fibrillation - occurs at surface, proteos escape
Fissuring - extensive surface damage that goes further down Eburnation - a fissuring that goes all the way tot he subchondral bone Blistering - intact surface, but softening of deep layers |
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Osteoarthritic "Lipping"
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chondrocytes begin to grow and extra cartilage forms the edge of the joint. They can eventually ossify (bone spur), form an exostosis or osteophytes
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Sources of pain with OA
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bone on bone contact
soft tissue damage at joint synovial and fibrous jt capsule (innervated) muscle spasm changes in barometric pressure |
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Prostaglandin synthesis related to:
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inflammation
pain fever dysmenorrhea thrombus formation other diseases |
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Steroid SE
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immunosuppression, adrenocortical suppression, stress on renal system, weakening of collage, atrophy of muscle, Cushing's syndrome
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