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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Many wars and conflicts have arisen over _______.
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ethnic or religious differences.
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Religious and ethnic differences have often led to _______.
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civil wars
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A war between the people of the same country.
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civil war
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Though they have great religious and ethnic diversity they have avoided internal conflict because they have distributed economic and political power among various groups. (2 Southeast Asian nations)
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Malaysia and Singapore
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Conflicts occur because one religious or ethnic group believes it is being ________.
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discriminated against by another group.
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Were excluded from power by the Sinhalese Buddhists.
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Hindu Tamils
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Rebelled against the Sinhalese Buddhists in Sri Lanka
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Hindu Tamils
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Hindu Tamils would not agree to a ceasefire until 2002 when the Sri Lanka government agreed to negotiations for a separate ______________.
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Tamil regional government
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Felt they were mistreated by the English speaking majority in Canada.
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French speaking people in Quebec
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French speaking people in Quebec were able to get support for their language and culture through ____.
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democratic means
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Won independence from Great Britain in 1922.
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Ireland
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Six northern counties which remained apart of Great Britain and had a protestant majority.
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Northern Ireland
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Faced economic and political discrimination in Northern Ireland.
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Catholics
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The majority faith in the Republic of Ireland.
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Catholic
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The Catholics in Northern Ireland wanted Northern Ireland unified with the __________.
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Republic of Ireland.
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Attacked Protestants in Northern Ireland and engaged in terrorism against Britain.
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Irish Republican Army (IRA)
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Attacked Catholics in Northern Ireland.
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Protestant militia
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Protestants and Catholics signed a peace accord in Ireland in 1998.
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Good Friday Agreement
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Even after the Good Friday Agreement there were still episodes of violence in ______.
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Northern Ireland
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In several former Soviet Republics ethnic minorities fought for freedom from ______.
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domination by the republics' majority
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Chechen Muslims fought to free Chechnya from ____.
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Russia
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In the mid-1990s Russia brutally crushed a _______.
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Chechen revolt
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In 1999 when new fighting erupted Russian troops won control of Grozny the _____.
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Capital of Chechnya
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When some Chechens turned to terrorist attacks elsewhere in Russia, Russians claimed the Chechens rebels were linked to _____.
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Muslim terrorists in other parts of the world.
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In the 1990s Yugoslavia was torn apart by _______.
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ethnic, nationalist, & religious tensions.
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Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Croats, Slovenes, Bosniaks and Albanians made up the ethnic groups of ___.
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Yugoslavia
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Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Macedonia were the _______.
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six republics of Yugoslavia before 1991
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Prior to 1991 Yugoslavia was held together by the communist party dominated by _____.
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Serbia
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Serbs were the majority in Serbia but were minorities in the other ___.
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Yugoslav republics
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Tried in vane to control Yugoslavia after the fall of communism.
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Serbians
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After Croatia and Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 fighting broke out in Croatia between _______.
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Croats and Serbs
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By 1992 Macedonia & Bosnia had declared independence from ________.
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Yugoslavia
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In 2003 Yugoslavia was renamed _____.
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Serbia & Montenegro
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When Bosnia declared independence the Bosnia Serbs fought to set up their own ________.
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government in Bosnia
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Bosnia Serbs received money & arms from ______.
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Serbs in Yugoslavia
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Fought the Serbs in Bosnia.
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Muslim Bosniaks
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Bosnia Serbs engaged in vicious attacks against the Bosniaks called ____.
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ethnic cleansing
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Attempts to kill or remove other ethnics to create ethnically "pure" areas.
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ethnic cleansing
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Croats attempted it against the Serbs in Croatia.
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ethnic cleansing
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Ethnic cleansing sometimes resulted in ______.
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mass executions
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The Bosnian Serbs and the other warring parties were forced to negotiate by ______.
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NATO air strikes
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Ended the war in Bosnia in 1995.
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Dayton Accords
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Serbian province that was 90% Albanian.
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Kosovo
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Serbian President who in 1989 began oppressing Kosovar Albanians.
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Slobodan Milosevic
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After peaceful protests led to greater repression Albanian guerrillas from Kosovo began in the mid-1990s to attack _____.
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Serbian targets
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In 1999, NATO launched strikes against _______.
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Serbia
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In Kosovo the Yugoslavian/Serbian military attempted it against the Albanians.
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ethnic cleansing
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Forced Yugoslavia to withdraw its forces from Kosovo.
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NATO air strikes
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Restored the peace in Kosovo.
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U.N. & NATO forces
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Although Kosovo remained a part of Serbia in theory after 1999 it was under the control of the ___.
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UN
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When South Africa won independence in 1910, freedom was limited to the minority ________.
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White settlers
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Expanded system of racial segregation in South Africa began in 1948.
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Apartheid
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The main organization that opposed apartheid and led the struggle for majority rule. Outlawed in 1960.
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African National Congress (ANC)
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In 1960 police gunned down 69 men, women, and children during a peaceful demonstration in a black township in South Africa
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Sharpeville Massacre
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Pushed the ANC to shift from nonviolent protest to armed struggle.
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Sharpeville Massacre
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At first organized young South Africans to peacefully resist apartheid laws.
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Nelson Mandela
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As government violence grew he joined militants who called for armed struggle.
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Nelson Mandela
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ANC leader.
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Nelson Mandela
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Arrested, tried and condemned to life in prison for treason against apartheid.
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Nelson Mandela
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Even in prison he was a powerful leader and symbol in the struggle for freedom in South Africa.
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Nelson Mandela
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In 1984 a South African bishop who won the Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent opposition to apartheid.
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Desmond Tutu
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South African president pressured to end apartheid.
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F.W. de Klerk
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Lifted the ban on the ANC. (1990)
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F.W. de Klerk
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Pressured to free Nelson Mandela (1990)
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F.W. de Klerk
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In 1994 becomes the country's first true president of a democratic South Africa.
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Nelson Mandela
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Since gaining independence from Belgium, in 1962, the central African countries of Rwanda and Burundi have been dominated by the conflict between the _________.
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Tutsis & Hutus
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In 1994 when a plane carrying the Hutu presidents of Rwanda & Burundi was shot down Hutu extremists urged civilians to _____.
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kill their Tutsi & moderate Hutu neighbors
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In the 1994 massacre in Rwanda about ______.
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800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus were killed.
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After Tutsi rebels win control in Rwanda in 1994 about 1 million Hutus fearful of revenge became ______.
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refugees in Zaire & Tanzania
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North eastern country in Africa, that has an Arab Muslim north dominating a non-Muslim, non-Arab south.
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Sudan
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Ethnic conflict causes civil war between the Islamic government and the non-Muslim rebels. (Northeastern African country)
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Sudan
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Sudan's western region
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Darfur
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Area in Sudan where the government backed Arab militias unleashed terror on non-Arab Muslim people.
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Darfur
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African nation won independence in 1975 but because its new government favored the Soviet Union, the U.S. aided the rebel groups fighting the new government.
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Angola
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Land Arabs lost to Israel through several wars
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occupied territories
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Palestine Liberation Organization
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PLO
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Organization leading the Palestinian fight against Israel
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PLO
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Head of the PLO (for most of its existence)
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Yasir Arafat
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Palestinian revolts in occupied territories
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intifadas
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The PLO often used this to attack the Israelis
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terrorism
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Israel responded to PLO actions with a strong ______.
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armed forces
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Palestinian _____ increased with each Israeli attack.
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bitterness
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First female Prime Minister of Israel
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Golda Meir
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Arab nations attacked Israel in _____(Year) when Golda Meir was trying to negotiate peace
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1973
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Israel returned this region to Egypt in a 1979 peace accord
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Sinai Peninsula
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Signed in 1993 after direct talks between Israel and the PLO
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Oslo Accord
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Hopes for peace in the Israeli region, center on ending this
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cycle of violence and retaliation
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outlined a plan proposing Palestinian self-rule in Gaza and the West Bank in exchange for an end to terrorism
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Oslo Accord
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Israeli Prime Minister pushing for peace in the 1990s and assassinated for signing the Oslo Accord
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Yitzhak Rabin
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An example of radical Palestinian groups who increased terrorist attacks on Israel after many years of little progress following the Oslo accord
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Hamas
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U.S. devised plan involving potential withdrawal of Israelis from Gaza
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"Road Map to Peace"
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released hundreds of Palestinian prisoners after the death of Yasir Arafat and new pledges from successor Mahmoud Abbas to end attacks
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Ariel Sharon
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Three obstacles to peace between Arabs and Israelis
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original Palestinian land, Israeli settlements in occupied territories, and Jerusalem
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City sacred to Jews, Muslims and Christians, capital of Israel
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Jerusalem
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Arab-Israeli conflict spilled over into this neighboring nation by the 1970s
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Lebanon
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Largest and most powerful group in Lebanon when independence was attained.
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Arab Christians
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outnumbered Christians in Lebanon and demanded a greater share of power after Palestinians fled into Lebanon from regions that became Israel
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Muslims
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Civil war from 1975 to1990 destroyed this commercial center and allowed an Israeli invasion in the South and Syrian occupation in the East.
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Lebanon
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Long history of internal and external conflicts due to oil wealth and ethnic diversity. (Middle East Country)
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Iraq
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After WW II Iraq's monarchy had close ties to the _______.
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United States
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After the 1958 overthrow of their monarchy, Iraq's rulers developed closer ties with the _______.
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Soviet Union
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This minority group dominated the political power of Iraq until the country's free elections in 2005
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Sunni Arabs
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Iraq's government responded brutally to this groups fight for control of northern Iraq
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Kurds
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seized power in Iraq in 1979 and ruled as a dictator until his regime was overthrown by Coalition forces in 2003
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Saddam Hussein
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Took advantage of political turmoil in Iran after that nation's Islamic revolution, seizing disputed border regions between Iran and Iraq. (person)
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Saddam Hussein
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Won U.S. support during their prolonged war with Iran in the 1980s mainly because of Iran's bitter opposition to the U.S.
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Iraq
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During the Iran-Iraq war Hussein used chemical weapons, killing thousands of civilians in ______ villages
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Kurdish
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Iraq's 1990 invasion of this oil-rich nation motivated the U.S. to lead coalition forces in a counterattack in 1991
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Kuwait
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Under the UN banner, U.S. led forces quickly liberated Kuwait from Iraqi forces in this 1991 conflict.
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The Gulf War
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He used torture, terror and execution to maintain control of Shiites and Kurds in Iraq
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Saddam Hussein
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Biological, nuclear and chemical weapons
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weapons of mass destruction
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Country that repeatedly violated no-fly zones and failed to cooperate with UN weapons inspectors.
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Iraq
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U.S. and British coalition forces topple Hussein and begin occupation of Iraq in ______. (year)
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2003
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In 2005 free elections, this majority group won control of the government for the first time in Iraq's history.
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Shiites
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Efforts to rebuild Iraq are hampered by these rebels targeting foreigners or Iraqi's cooperating with foreign troops
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insurgents
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After WWII the central goal in Africa, Asia, and Latin America was _______.
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development
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The process of creating a more advanced economy & higher standard of living.
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development
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Nations that are trying to develop economically.
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developing world
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Most of the developing world which exists south of the Tropic of Cancer.
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global South
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Most of the industrialized nations that are north of the tropic of cancer.
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global North
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To pay for development many nations have had to borrow from the __________.
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global North
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Developing nations have tried to improve both their ________.
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agriculture & industry
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Developing nations have built schools to increase _________.
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literacy
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Many nations in the global South for centuries had ________ economies.
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traditional
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Traditional economies tend to limit _________.
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free enterprise
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After gaining independence some developing countries changed to ______.
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command economies
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When developing countries could not repay their loans lenders from the global North often forced them to change to _________.
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market economies
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Many developing countries depend on the global North for _________.
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investment & exports
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In the 1950s the global South starts to use better seeds, pesticides, and farm equipment.
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Green Revolution
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The Green Revolution forced small farmers who couldn't afford the new technology to _________.
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sell their farms and move to the cities.
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Because some developing countries were dependent on one export their economies would suffer if the _____.
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price for that product dropped
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Because families in developing countries tend to have many children, both for religious reasons and as a source of labor, population growth tends to ___________.
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outstrip food production
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Many people moving to the cities in the global South can't find jobs and are forced to live in overcrowded and dangerous _______.
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shantytowns
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Often oppose changes that undermine religious traditions.
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fundamentalists
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a system in which the government controls parts of the economy.
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socialism
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market economies with private ownership of property.
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capitalism
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a crop grown for direct sale rather than for personal consumption.
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cash crop
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support with government spending.
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subsidize
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a change from fertile to desert land.
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desertification
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the loss of farmland and pastures to the desert
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desertification
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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AIDS
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a disease that has affected millions of Africans
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AIDS
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the disease known as AIDS is caused by the virus-
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HIV
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damages the body's ability to fight off infections
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HIV
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movement of people from rural areas to cities
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urbanization
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increased the opportunity for women
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urban markets
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brought different ethnic groups together in cities
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urbanization
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This demographic change caused ethnic loyalties to be replaced by a larger national identity.
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urbanization
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This demographic change weakened traditional cultures.
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urbanization
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based on African village traditions of cooperation and shared responsibility
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"African socialism"
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the government took over banks and businesses and encouraged farmers to move to larger collective farms
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"African socialism"
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a species threatened with extinction
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endangered species
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author of the "Green Belt Movement"
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Wangari Maathai
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Economic development that provides lasting well-being for future generations rather than just short term improvements.
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sustainable development
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Student who loves the studyof World History
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write you name here
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Served as the leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 through the early 90s, generally credited with developing China into one of the fastest growing economies in the world
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Deng Xiaoping
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Deng's program allowing for some features of a free market
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Four Modernizations
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Economic reforms in China brought a surge of growth, but also resulted in an economic gap between the ____.
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rural poor and wealthy city dwellers
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Thousands of young Chinese demonstrators pushing for democratic reforms were killed and many others arrested and tortured by government troops
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Tiananmen Square Massacre
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China created specific laws to limit _______ growth, to keep it from hurting economic development
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population
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Human rights activists have recently pressured China to correct many abuses such as their suppression of this regions ancient Buddhist culture
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Tibet
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With a population over 1 billion this nation is the world's largest democracy
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India
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One-third of India lives below the _______.
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poverty line
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Roman Catholic nun founding the groups providing aid to millions in India suffering from the effects of overpopulation
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Mother Teresa
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The Indian constitution bans discrimination against the dalits, but because of the long lasting effects of the caste system prejudice and discrimination ______.
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still exist
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To reduce the need for foreign goods many Latin American governments adopted this policy.
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Import substitution
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Due to its high cost Latin American governments began to give up ___________.
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Import substitution
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Giant commercial farms
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Agribusiness
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Latin American governments have backed __________ through irrigation and by clearing forested areas.
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Agribusiness
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__________ in Mexico City and Sao Paulo are among the largest in the world.
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Shantytowns
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Movement that urged churches to become a force for reform.
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Liberation theology
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Crusade for social justice and an end to poverty by nuns and priests in Latin America during the 1960s and 70s.
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Liberation theology
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These groups linked to governments in Latin countries killed when social unrest became prominent.
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Death Squads
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This group was formed in 1948 to promote democracy, economic cooperation, and human rights in the Americas.
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Organization of American States (OAS)
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In 1977, the United States signed treaties to turn control over of ________ in 2000.
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The Panama Canal
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The ____________ were a group of Nicaraguan socialist rebels who took control from the ruling family.
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Sandinistas
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U.S. President backed ______________, in Nicaragua to fight against the Sandinistas.
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Contras
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Guerillas who fought against the Sandinistas in Nicaragua.
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Contras
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Many people in Argentina fled the country while he ruled the country
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Juan Peron
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He increased the governments role, raised wages, and backed labor unions as the president of Argentina.
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Juan Peron
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After being ousted as president in 1955 he was again elected as president of Argentina in 1973.
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Juan Peron
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The end of the Cold War resulted in the development of a ________ economy.
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global
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After the Cold War more people immigrated to Europe from the ____.
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developing world
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The increase of immigration from developing countries to Europe and the limited number of jobs caused _____________ to rise.
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unemployment
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The European Economic Community became the ________.
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European Union (EU)
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The EU countries shared a common currency the ____.
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Euro
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By the early 2000s some Eastern European nations had joined the __. (not NATO)
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EU
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Older EU members were concerned that the new Eastern European members had weaker ____.
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economies
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In addition to the EU some Eastern European nations also joined ____.
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NATO
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After the breakup of the Soviet Union Russia became a ________ economy.
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market/capitalist
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Increased as Russia transitioned to a market economy. (Negative factors)
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inflation, unemployment, & crime
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In 1998 Russia defaulted on much of its ____________.
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foreign debt
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Became the Russian President in 2000.
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Vladimir Putin
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Promised to end corruption & make Russia's economy stronger but also increased governmental control and cut back on individual liberties. (person)
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Vladimir Putin
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World's only super power after the Cold War.
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United States
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Was involved in Middle East Peace talks, war in Iraq, and peacekeeping operations in Haiti. (country)
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United States
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In the 1990s the U.S. produced a budget _______.
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surplus
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Government takes in more than it spends.
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surplus
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Slow economic growth and high military spending in the 2000s resulted in the U.S. having budget _____.
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deficits
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Government spends more than it takes in.
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deficit
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Vast region of nations that border the Pacific Ocean
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Pacific Rim
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Since the end of the Cold War it has become increasingly important to the global economy. (region)
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Pacific Rim
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Grew into an economic power house after being devastated by WWII, but since the 1990s its economy has begun to slow.
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Japan
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Because of the economic growth of Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea these nations have been called the ___________.
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"Asian tigers"
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The dependence of countries on each other for goods, resources, knowledge, and labor from other parts of the world.
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interdependence/globalization
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using low-paid workers in developing nations to produce manufactured goods cheaply
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outsourcing
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the practice of sending work to developing countries to save money or increase efficiency
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outsourcing
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any property that has exchange value
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asset
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companies that have branches in other countries and sell throughout the world
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multinational corporations
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has encouraged multinational corporations
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globalization/interdependence
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As a result of globalization an economic crisis in one nation can have a _____.
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global impact
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As a result of interdependence countries have become dependent on other countries for ______ (e.g. oil)
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natural resources
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the year OPEC raised oil prices and limited oil exports
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1973
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NGO's
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non-governmental organizations
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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was an attempt to reduce ________.
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Protectionism
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) was created to encourage _____.
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free trade
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use of tariffs and other restrictions that protect a country's home industries against competition
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protectionism
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Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States and Russia are countries that comprise the
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G-8
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Many nations have formed regional ____, or groups, to promote trade and meet common needs.
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blocs
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largest bloc in the world
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EU (European Union)
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NAFTA
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North American Free Trade Association
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A regional trade bloc to facilitate trade among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.
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NAFTA
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NAFTA was a regional trade bloc that went into effect in ____. (year)
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1994
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The bloc Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was created to promote trade between ______.
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Pacific Rim Nations
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After crude oil, it is the world's most actively traded commodity.
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coffee
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A movement that ensures coffee growers receive a fair price for their crops is called the ____.
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fair trade movement
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Consumers have a greater variety of goods and services available to them because of ____.
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globalization
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a group of people bound together opposed to globalization
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anti-globalizers
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They claim rich counties exploit poor or developing nations.
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anti-globalizers
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The ability to meet the needs of the present without harming future generations
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sustainability or sustainable development
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Globalization involves much more than economic links and the spread of technology. It has brought all kinds of social and environmental issues to the _______.
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world's attention
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Half the world's population lives on less than ____ a day
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$2
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Examples of nations who have enjoyed economic growth and less poverty but extreme poverty still exists. (Asian countries)
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India and China
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Organizations like the World Bank believe that erasing poverty is essential to global ___________.
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security and peace
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are often the cause of death, destruction and unsanitary conditions that can have a ripple effect on global economy
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natural disasters
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Poverty, disasters, and wars have forced many people to become
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refugees
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Two examples of international agreements that have tried to guarantee basic human rights around the world
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Helsinki Accords
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Industrialization and the world population explosion have hurt the ___________.
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environment
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Commonly debated topic of the 21st century that refers to the rise in the Earth's temperature, from human activity such as the burning of fossil fuels, that could bring about devastating geographical changes
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global warming
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2005 treaty signed by over 140 countries (not the U.S.) to lower the emissions of carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse" gases that contribute to global warming
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Kyoto Protocol
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The purpose of this treaty was to ensure that nuclear weapons did not spread to countries that did not already have them.
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Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT)
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The use of violence, especially against civilians, by groups of extremists, which is sometimes backed by governments that protect and fund them.
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Terrorism
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They use headline-grabbing tactics to draw attention to their demands.
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Terrorists
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This group of terrorists in Spain seek to compel the government to allow them to secede.
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ETA (Basque political party)
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The __________ in Sri Lanka use bombings and guerilla warfare to try to achieve their goal of founding a separate state.
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Tamil Tigers
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This geographic region has become a training ground and source of terrorism.
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Middle East
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One of the powerful Islamic fundamentalist groups has this name, which means "the Base"
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al Qaeda
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He helped the warlords of Afghanistan drive the Soviets out of the country in the 1980s.
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Osama bin Laden
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By 2000, he was providing aid, training, and money to scattered terrorists groups from Morocco to Indonesia.
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Osama bin Laden
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This Islamic fundamentalist group in Afghanistan refused to turn over suspected terrorists to the United States after the September 11th attacks.
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Taliban
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After the September 11th attacks this governmental agency was formed to deal with aspects of the countries overall security.
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Department of Homeland Security
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In the past few years the U.S. and other European countries have tried to dissuade _____________ and ___________ from developing nuclear weapons.
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Iran and North Korea
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President George W. Bush declared that __________ was the best deterrent to terrorism and regional unrest.
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the spread of democracy
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________________ was encouraged by a lack of basic resources in many Arab nations.
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Islamic fundamentalism
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This Lebanese group was formed after Israel invaded Lebanon.
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Hezbollah
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This group used terrorist tactics to force Britain to give up Northern Ireland.
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Irish Republic Army (IRA)
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Since 1945, scientific research & technological developments have transformed ______.
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human life
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In 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite _____.
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Sputnik
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Sputnik set off the ______.
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"space race"
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The U.S. landed the first human on the moon in _____ (year)
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1969
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During the Cold War both the U.S. & the U.S.S.R. explored the ____ uses of space.
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military
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Greatest example of the U.S., Russia and other nations working together in space exploration.
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International Space Station
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Replaced typewriters & account books in homes & offices.
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Personal computers
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Links computer systems world wide, allows people to communicate instantly & access vast amounts of information.
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internet
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Applies biological knowledge to industry, engineering and technology.
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biotechnology
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Help prevent the spread of disease.
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vaccines
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In the 1970s, surgeons learned to transplant _______.
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human organs
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Have made many types of surgery safer and more precise.
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lasers
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The manipulation, or changing of genetic material to produce a specific result.
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Genetic engineering
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Has produced new drugs to fight disease and created hardier strains of fruits & vegetables.
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Genetic research
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Process of creating identical organisms from the cell of a host organism.
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Genetic cloning
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Has raised ethical issues about how science should be used to change or create life.
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Genetic cloning
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