Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mucous membranes are part of
|
innate defense
|
|
B cells interact directly with
|
helper T cells
|
|
Which of the following defense systems would be involved in fighting a viral pathogen?
|
T lymphocytes
|
|
Antibodies interact with which innate defenses
|
phagocytosis and the complement system
|
|
Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body
|
Cytotoxic T-cells
|
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen of humans. After being ingested by a macrophage, it prevents formation of the ________ by preventing fusion of the phagosome with the ___________
|
phagolysosome, lysosome
|
|
In which intracellular compartment would you expect most of the digestive enzymes involved in pathogen destruction to be found?
|
lysosome
|
|
In macrophages and dendritic cells (so-called antigen-presenting cells) some small parts of the phagocytosed particle are presented to other cells of the immune system. If you were to draw an arrow leading to "antigen presentation" as described above, from which word would it extend?
|
Digestion
|
|
If one is examining a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic worm infection, which of the following leukocytes would be found in increased numbers (as opposed to a blood smear from a normal patient NOT infected with worms)?
|
eosinophils
|
|
Which of the complement pathways employs properdin?
|
alternative pathway
|
|
In the classical pathway, which of the following directly activates cellular responses?
|
C3a, C5a, and C5bC6C7
|
|
Antibodies from cellular immune responses are used in
|
the classical pathway
|
|
Which of the complement pathways was discovered first?
|
the classical pathway
|
|
Which of the following are functions of lectins?
|
they act as opsonins for phagocytosis, they attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces, and they activate C2 and C4
|
|
How does cytolysis occur via the complement pathway
|
formation of the MAC in invading cells, killing them
|
|
which complement protein is used as an opsonin
|
C3b
|
|
If a person lacked the ability to form C5, what results of complement could not occur
|
cytolysis
|
|
if a person could not form C2, which result of complement would be affected
|
cytolysis, chemotaxis, inflammation, and opsonization
|
|
what complement result involves the use of phagocytes
|
chemotaxis and opsonization
|
|
which of the following is an event that ultimately results in activation of complement C3 by splitting it into C3a and C3b
|
interaction of mannose-binding lectin with mannose molecules on a bacterium
|
|
Which of the following are best described as short chains of amino acids that are very stable and can have a variety of different antimicrobial activities, such as forming pores in bacterial plasma membranes and inhibiting cell wall synthesis?
|
antimicrobial peptides
|
|
________________ is/are always present in an individual's blood. However, in the absence of infection, it is in an inactive form.
|
kinins
|
|
You note that the body temperature of one of your patients is starting to increase. As a result, you can infer that all of the following may be occurring in this patient EXCEPT __________.
|
dilation of blood vessels
|
|
Which statement regarding the lymphatic system is true?
|
Lymphatic capillaries possess one-way valves. These valves permit the uptake of fluid from the body but do not allow the fluid to flow back out of the capillaries into the intracellular spaces.
|
|
A response that is uniquely directed against pathogenic Bordetella pertussis would involve what component?
|
antibodies
|
|
First line defenses have what aspect in common with each other?
|
They are physical barriers against invading pathogens.
|
|
Both the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system work to prevent
|
the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.
|
|
If a new bacterial pathogen entered a human body through an accidental needle stick, the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen would likely be
|
a phagocyte
|
|
Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?
|
mucociliary escalator intestines
|
|
Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial
|
cell wall
|
|
All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it
|
accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.
|
|
All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT
|
they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.
|
|
Activation of C5–C9 results in
|
lysis of microbial cells
|
|
What cellular macromolecules make up the complement pathway?
|
proteins
|
|
Based on the animation, which of the following is cleaved by C1?
|
C2 and C4
|
|
Where are the complement proteins found in the body?
|
the blood serum
|
|
Which of the following is responsible for cleaving C3
|
C2aC4b
|
|
which of the complement proteins can directly bind to the surface of a bacterial cell?
|
C3b
|
|
Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE?
|
C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.
|
|
All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT
|
antibody synthesis
|
|
The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by
|
mannose on the surface of microbes
|
|
All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?
|
vasodilation
|
|
Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT
A. phagocytosis B. inflammation C. activation of complement D. production of interferon E. production of antibody |
E. production of antibody
|
|
The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by
|
antigen–antibody reactions
|
|
The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by
|
lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3
|
|
All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT
A. they initiate manufacture of antiviral protein B. they bind to the surface of uninfected cells C. they disrupt stages of viral multiplication D. they initiate transcription E. they are effective for long periods |
E. they are effective for long periods
|
|
All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT
A. repair of damaged tissues B. destruction of injurious agent C. isolation of an injurious agent D. production of antibodies E. removal of an injurious agent |
D. production of antibodies
|
|
Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT
A. opsonization B. lysozyme C. complement D. chemotaxis E. trapping a bacterium against a rough surface |
B. lysozyme
|
|
Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT
A. formation of phagolysosomes B. biofilms C. leukocidins D. capsules E. M protein |
A. formation of phagolysosomes
|
|
Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT
A. they change the pH of the environment B. they compete with pathogens for nutrient C. they produce antibacterial chemicals D. they produce lysozyme E. they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria |
D. they produce lysozyme
|
|
Each of the following is an effect of complement activation except
A. interference with viral replication B. bacterial cell lysis C. opsonization D. increased phagocytic activity E. increased blood vessel permeability |
A. interference with viral replication
|
|
A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?
|
phagocytosis in the inflammatory response
|
|
the function of the "ciliary escalator" is to
|
trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract
|
|
all of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection except
A. tears B. the "ciliary escalator" C. multiple layers of cells D. saliva E. HCL |
E. HCL
|
|
innate immunity
|
is nonspecific and present at birth
|
|
which of the following statements about beta interferon is true?
A. it is a protein that specifically degrades viral RNA B. it induces neutrophils & macrophages to kill bacteria C. it acts as a signal that induces uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins D. it is produced only in response to infection with the hepatitis B virus |
C. it acts as a signal that induces uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins
|
|
Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true?
A. it involves the activity of B and T cells B. innate immunity is present at birth C. innate immunity involves specific recognition of microorganisms via a memory response D. the innate immune response does not have a mechanism for detecting invading microorganisms. It is activated only in response to tissue damage or a signal from an infected cell |
D. the innate immune response does not have a mechanism for detecting invading microorganism. It is activated only in response to tissue damage or a signal from an infected cell
|
|
an inflammatory response would result from which of the following?
A. jellyfish sting B. vomiting C. a headache |
A. jellyfish sting
|
|
If a person turns their ankle, how would one determine if damage to the tissue in the ankle has occurred?
|
the ankle is red, swollen, and warm to the touch
|
|
What is the function of inflammation in response to a burn from a hot iron?
|
to repair the damaged tissue
|