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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
________ is the proportion of a population with a given genotype. |
penetrance |
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________ refers to the varying phenotypic manifestations of a given genotype. |
expressivity |
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________ states that an organism has two alleles for each gene, which segregate during meiosis, resulting in gametes carrying only one allele for a trait. |
Medndel's first law (of segregation) |
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________ states that the inheritance of one allele does not influence the probability of inheriting a given allele for a different trait. |
Mendel's second law (of independent assortment) |
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Crossing two heterozygotes for a trait with complete dominance results in a ________ ratio of genotypes and a ________ ratio of phenotypes. Dihybrid crosses between two heterozygotes with complete dominance results in ________ ratio of phenotypes. |
1:2:1 3:1 9:3:3:1 |
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Support for DNA as genetic material came through a number of experiments. The ________ experiment demonstrated the transforming principle, converting non-virulent bacteria into virulent bacteria by exposure to heat-killed virulent bacteria. The ________ experiment demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material because degradation of DNA led to a cessation of bacterial transformation. The ________ experiment confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because only radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria. |
Griffith Avery-MacLeod-McCarty |
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________ mutations occur when a segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another. ________ mutations occur when a segment of DNA is swapped with a segment of DNA from another chromosome. |
insertion translocation |
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________ is a flow of genes between species through hybrid offspring. |
genetic leakage |
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________ occurs when the composition of the gene pool changes as a result of chance. |
genetic drift |
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The ________ results from ________ that suddenly isolate a small population, leading to ________ and increased prevalence of certain homozygous genotypes. |
founder effect bottlenecks inbreeding |
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The ________ is the likelihood of two alleles being separated during crossing over in meiosis. ________ can be made using recombination frequency as the scale, in ________. |
recombination frequency genetic maps centimorgans |
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The ________ states that if a population meets certain criteria (aimed at a lack of evolution), then the allele frequencies will remain constant, which is called ________. What equations are used to determine if this is the case? Explain what they mean. |
Hardy-Weinberg principle Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p + q = 1 frequency of alleles in population (p)2 + 2pq + (q)2 = 1 frequency of genotypes and phenotypes (p)2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype 2pq = frequency of heterozygous dominant genotype (q)2 = frequency of homozygous recessive genotype |
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The ________ accounts for mutation and recombination as mechanisms of variation and considers ________ to be the mechanism of reproductive success. |
modern synthesis model (neo-Darwinism) differential reproduction |
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________ considers an organism's success to be based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others; survival of offspring or relatives ensures continuation of genes in subsequent generations. |
inclusive fitness |
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________ considers evolution to be a very slow process with intermittent rapid bursts of evolutionary activity. |
punctuated equilibrium |
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Different types of selection lead to changes in phenotypes. ________ keeps phenotypes in a narrow range, excluding extremes. ________ moves the average phenotype toward one extreme. ________ moves toward two different phenotypes at the extremes and can lead to ________. ________ is the rapid emergence of multiple species from a common ancestor, each of which occupies its own ecological niche. |
stabilizing selection directional selection disruptive selection adaptive selection speciation adaptive radiation |
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Species are reproductively isolated from each other by ________ mechanisms. |
prezygotic and postzygotic |
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Two species can evolve with different relationship patterns. ________ occurs when two species sharing a common ancestor become more different. ________ occurs when two species sharing a common ancestor evolve in similar ways due to analogous selection pressures. ________ occurs when two species not sharing a recent ancestor evolve to become more similar due to analogous selection pressures. |
divergent evolution parallel evolution convergent evolution |
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According to the ________, the degree of difference in the genome between two species is related to the amount of time since the two species broke off from a common ancestor. |
molecular clock model |