Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
energy required for a reaction to occur
|
activation energy
|
|
protein catalysts that accelerate reactions
|
enzymes
|
|
process in which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium
|
endocytosis
|
|
ingestion of fluids or small particles
|
pinocytosis
|
|
engulfing of large particles
|
phagocytosis
|
|
convolutions on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
|
cristae
|
|
contain oxidative enzymes that catalyze a class of reactions in which hydrogen peroxide is produced by the transfer of hydrogen from a substrate to oxygen
|
peroxisome
|
|
usually found in fat tissue of germinating seedlings
|
glyoxysomes
|
|
non protein molecule that helps an enzyme become catalytically active
|
cofactor
|
|
an enzyme devoid of its necessary cofactor
|
apoenzyme
|
|
an enzyme that contains its cofactor
|
holoenzyme
|
|
coenzymes that are tightly bound to their enzymes
|
prosthetic groups
|
|
organic cofactors
|
coenzymes
|
|
conenzymes cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from ___
|
vitamins
|
|
model that shows effect of concentration on enyme activity
|
Michaelis-Menten model
|
|
Enzyme kinetics: A low Km reflects ___ affinity for substates
|
high
|
|
enzyme that has two or more active sites and may be composed of more than one subunit; oscillates b/w 2 configurations
|
allosteric enzyme
|
|
a molecule other than the substrate that binds to the enzyme
|
regulator
|
|
prevents an enzyme from binding to a substrate by stabilizing the inactive conformation
|
allosteric inhibitor
|
|
stabilizes the active configuration, promoting the formation of enzyme-substrate complexes
|
allosteric activator
|
|
mechanism in which end product of a sequence of enzymatic reactions becaomes an allosteric modulator of one of the preceeding enzymes
|
feedback inhibition
|
|
reactions w/ weak enzyme-inhibitor complexes that dissociate easily are referred to as
|
reversible inhibition reactions
|
|
compete w/ substrate directly by binding to active site of enzyme
|
competitive inhibitor
|
|
bind to other sites on enzyme and cause a conformation change in order to prevent formation of enzyme-substrate complex
|
non-competitive inhibitor
|
|
type of inhibition where permanent damage is done to the active site
|
irreversible inhibition
|
|
enzyme that is secreted in an inactive form
|
zymogen
|
|
organisms that convert sunlight into energy stored in bonds of organic molecules
|
autotrophic
|
|
organisms that obtain their energy catabolically, via the breakdown of organic nutrients that must be ingested
|
heterotrophic
|
|
net reactions of photosynthesis:
|
6CO2 + 6H2O+Energy-->C6H12O6 +6O2
|
|
cell's main energy currency
|
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
|
|
Hydrolyisis of ATP generally gives:
|
ADP and Pi(inorganic phosphate)
|
|
for each mole of ATP, approximately ____ energy is released
|
7 kcal
|
|
reaction that requires heat to occur
|
endergonic (endothermic)
|
|
ATP can also be hydrolized into:
|
AMP (adenosine monophospate) and PPi (pyrophosphate)
|
|
loss of an electron
|
oxidation
|
|
gain of electrons
|
reduction
|
|
series of carrier molecules on the inner mitochondrial membrane that are:
|
electron transport chain
|
|
NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are all ___ during their catabolic processes
|
reduced
|
|
NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are ___ during their anabolic processes
|
oxidized
|
|
first stage of cellular respirations
|
glycolysis
|
|
oxidative breakdown of glucose leaves us with:
|
2 molecules of pyruvate
|
|
glycolysis occurs in the
|
cytoplasm
|
|
absence of oxygen
|
anaerobic
|
|
oxygen is present
|
aerobic
|
|
when no oxygen is present, ___ occurs after glycolysis
|
fermentation
|
|
fermentation reduces pyruvate into:
|
ethanol (yeast and other bacteria) or lactic acid (animals)
|
|
After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, the next step of cellular respiration is:
|
The Kreb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
|
|
in the Kreb's cycle, pyruvate is converted to
|
acetyl CoA
|
|
electron carriers found in the electron transport chain that resemble hemoglobin in the structure of their active site
|
cytochromes
|