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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell Theory (Original 3)
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1) All organisms are composed of cells
2) The cell is the basic functional unit of all living organisms 3) All cells come from preexisting cells |
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Modern Cell Theory
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1) Original Cell Theory
2) All cells contain the information necessary for regulation and transmission of information to offspring 3) All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities 4) All basic chemical and physiological features are carried out inside cells 5) Cell function is dependent on subcellular activities |
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3 Domains of Life
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1) Eukaryotes
2) Bacteria 3) Archaea |
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Eukaryotic Cells
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- Animal and Plant Cells
- Membrane bound nucleus/organelles - Contain many compartments - DNA segregates within nucleus |
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Bacterial Cells
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- Prokaryotes
- Not compartmentalized - DNA not membrane enclosed - Surrounded by two membranes - No nucleus - Different replication/genetics than archaea |
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Archaea
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- Prokaryotes
- Not compartmentalized - DNA not membrane enclosed - Surrounded by two membranes - No nucleus - Different replication/genetics than bacteria |
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Periplasmic Space
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The space between the inner and outer membrane of bacterial and archaeal cells
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Viruses
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-10X smaller than cells
- Not alive -> cannot reproduce/grow on their own |
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Model Organism
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Species in which discoveries that are made often apply to other organisms
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Example of Primary Structure
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Amino Acid Chain
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Example(s) of Secondary Structure
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Folded amino acid chain
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Example(s) of Tertiary Structure
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α Helicies, β sheets
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Example(s) of Quaternary Structure
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Protein complexes, supermolecular assemblies
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Motif
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Combination of α Helicies and β sheets that have been identified
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Fibrous Proteins
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Layers of anti parallel β sheets
- small ALA & GLY sidechains allow close packing which gives strength |
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Globular Proteins
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Proteins folded into compact structures
- each has its own unique tertiary structure |
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Domain
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Localy folded unit of tertiary structure, often with specific function
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4 Ways proteins are held together
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1) Hydrogen bonds
2) Disulfide Bonds 3) Ionic bonds 4) Van der Waals interactions |
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Christian Anfinsen Experiment
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Showed all the info needed for a protein to properly fold is present in its amino acid sequence
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Self Assembly Model
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The idea a protein could coil/fold spontaneously and progressively as the amino acid chain elongates
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Chaperones
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Bind/stabilize unfolded or partially folded proteins
- Expressed in response to elevated temperatures |
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Chaperonins
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Hollow proteins that actively bind to and fold proteins
- evolutionarily conserved - prevents aggregation |
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Prions
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Proteinaceous Infectious Particle
- Occur in normal and infectious forms - infectious forms change normal forms into insoluble fibers - leads to cell death |
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Polysaccharides
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Long chain polymers of sugars that can be the same monosaccharide or alternating monosaccharides
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α-Glycosidic Bond
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Both bonds between monosaccarides are both "down"
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β-Glycosidic Bond
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One of the two bonds between monosaccarides is "down" and the other is "up"
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Glycogen
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The storage polysaccharide in aminal/bacteria cells
- stored in liver/muscles - Branched β-D-Glucose subunits |
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Startch
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Storage in plants
- Stored in plastids, inside chloroplasts (Starch synthesis), inside amyloplasts |
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Cellulose
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Commonly found in plant cell walls
- repeating β-D-Glucose monomers - β-1-4 linkages cannot be hydrolyzed by most animals - Makes cells grow wider rather than longer |
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Chitin
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Polysaccharide found in insect exoskeletons and crustacean shells
- Repeating N-ylglucosamine linked together by β(1-4) bonds |
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Lipids
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The main components of membranes and also used for energy storage
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6 classes of lipids
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1) Fatty Acids
2) Triacylglycerols |