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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is anatomy?
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the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
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What is physiology?
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the study of the functions of the body parts
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What is gross anatomy?
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the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
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What is regional anatomy?
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A subset of gross anatomy. When all the structures of a particular region (muscles, bones, nerves, etc) are studied simultaneously.
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What is surface anatomy?
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a subset of gross anatomy. When all the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface are studied.
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What is systemic anatomy?
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a subset of gross anatomy. When the body is studied system by system.
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What is microscopic anatomy?
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studies structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye; usually uses a type of microscope.
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What is cytology?
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a subset of microscopic anatomy. studies cells.
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What is histology?
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a subset of microscopic anatomy. studies tiessues.
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What is developmental anatomy?
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traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout an organism's lifespan.
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What is embryology?
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A subdivision of developmental anatomy that involves changes in the body before birth.
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How is physiology generally subdivided?
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considers the operation of specific organ systems
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What is renal physiology?
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concerned with kidney function and urine production
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What is neurophysiology?
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concerned with the workings of the nervous system
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What is cardiovascular physiology?
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concerned with the operation of the heard and blood vessels
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What is physiology often focused on?
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molecular and cellular events
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How are anatomy and physiology related?
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They are inseparable; function is dependent on and reflective of structure. The form of a structure relates to its function.
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What is the simplest level of structural organization in the body?
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the chemical level (involves atoms and molecules)
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What is the second level of structural organization in the body?
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cellular level (involves organelles and cells)
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What is the third level of structural organization in the body?
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tissue level (involves epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue)
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What is the fourth level of structural organization in the body?
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organ
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Define an organ
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group of tissues working together
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define a cell
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smallest unit of living thing
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define tissue
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group of similar cells that have a common function
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What is an organ system?
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a group of organs working together to accomplish a specific task
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Put these in order from simplest level of structural organization to most complex:
organ, tissue, cell, molecule, organ system, organism, atom, organelle |
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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What are the six necessary life functions?
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1. maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments
2. responsiveness(irritability), 3. movement 4. metabolism 5. growth 6. reproduction |
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What does the plasma membrane do?
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surrounds each cell, helps maintain boundaries between internal and external environment
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What organ is involved in maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments?
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the skin
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What is responsiveness?
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the ability to sense and respond to stimuli
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What is another term for irritability?
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responsiveness
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What are the two types of movement?
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internal and external
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What is an example of external movement?
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when your skeletal muscle moves, your arm moves
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What is an example of internal movement?
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blood flow
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What is metabolism?
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the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body, including respiration, digestion and excretion
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What is growth?
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increase in the size of an organism
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What is reproduction?
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cellular division for growth or repair and/or production of offspring
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What are our survival needs?
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1. nutrients
2. oxygen 3. water 4. normal body temperature 5. appropriate atmospheric pressure |
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What are nutrients?
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- chemicals for energy and cell building
- carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals |
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What is oxygen essential for?
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energy release (ATP production)
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What is water the site for?
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chemical reactions
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What is water the medium for?
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a fluid medium for secretions and excretions
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Body temperature affects the _______ of chemical reactions.
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rate
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Why is appropriate atmospheric pressure necessary?
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For proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.
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What is homeostasis?
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- the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
- a dynamic state of equilibrium and balance |
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What organ systems are most involved in homeostatic control?
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nervous and endocrine
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Homeostatic control mechanisms involve continuous motoring and regulation of many _________.
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factors/variables
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What are the three major components of a control mechanism?
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1. receptor/sensor
2. control center 3. effector |
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Describe the steps that occurs once there is "imbalance" in terms of homeostasis.
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1. stimulus produces a change in variable (example :cold = stimulus, variable = temperature).
2. the receptor detects the change (receptor = nerve endings) 3. information is sent along afferent pathway to control center (impulse = message sent to control center = brain). 4. output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector (brain tells skeletal muscles that body is cold and skeletal muscles should shiver) 5. response: the effector takes action. the response feeds back to reduce the effect of the stimulus and returns varable to homeostatic level (skeletal muscles begin to shiver, body temperature rises). |
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Describe what the receptor/sensor does in terms of homeostatic control.
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- monitors the environment
- responds to the stimuli - relays signal via afferent pathway |
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What is an afferent pathway?
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sensory message, going to the cortex
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What is an efferent pathway?
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motor, indicates the brain telling the body to do something
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What is the control center's function in terms of homeostatic control?
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- determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
- receives input from the receptor - determines the appropriate response - efferent pathway |
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What is the effector's function in terms of homeostatic control?
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1. receives output from the control center.
2. provides the means to respond 3. response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback) |
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How is feedback defined?
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response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus
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What is most common, negative or positive feedback?
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negative feedback
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How does negative feedback cause the variable to change?
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In a way that opposes the initial change!
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How does positive feedback cause the variable to change?
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In a way that enhances the initial change!
- may exhibit a cascade/amplifying effect |
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What does positive feedback usually control?
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infrequent events
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What are two examples of positive feedback in the body?
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1. enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
2. platelet plug formation and blood clotting |
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What is the standard anatomical position?
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- body erect
- feet slightly apart - palms face forward, thumbs point away from the body - Right and left refer to the person being observed |