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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Conditional Reasoning... |
...is the broad name given to logical relationships
composed of sufficient and necessary conditions. |
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Sufficient Condition
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A sufficient condition can be defined as an event or circumstance
whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur. |
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Necessary Condition
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A necessary condition can be defined as an event or circumstance
whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur. |
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Conditional Statement
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If (sufficient condition) then (necessary condition):
sufficient ----> necessary |
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Feature # 1 of Conditional Statements
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The sufficient condition does not make the necessary condition occur.
That is, the sufficient condition does not actively cause the necessary condition to happen. That form of reasoning is known as Causal Reasoning. Instead, in a conditional statement the occurrence of the sufficient condition is a sign or indicator that the necessary condition will occur, is occurring, or has already occurred. |
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Feature # 2 of Conditional Statements
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Temporally speaking, either condition can occur first, or the two
conditions can occur at the same time. |
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Feature # 3 of Conditional Statements
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The conditional relationship stated by the author does not have to
reflect reality. |
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Repeat form:
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The Repeat form simply restates
the elements in the original order they appeared. This creates a valid inference. |
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Mistaken Reversal:
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A Mistaken Reversal switches the
elements in the sufficient and necessary conditions, creating a statement that does not have to be true. |
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Mistaken Negation:
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A Mistaken Negation negates both
conditions, creating a statement that does not have to be true. |
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Contrapositive:
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( A ----> B ) is equivalent to ( ~B ----> ~A)
When the necessary condition fails to occur, then the sufficient condition cannot occur. |
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Sufficient Condition indicators:
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If, When, Whenever, Every, All, Any, People who, In order to, The only way to
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Necessary Condition indicators:
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Then, Only, Only if, Must, Required, Unless, Except, Until, Without
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When "unless", "without", "except", "until" appear in a conditional statement...
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1. Whatever term is modified by “unless,” “except,” “until,” or “without” becomes the necessary condition.
2. The remaining term is negated and becomes the sufficient condition. |
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If
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Sufficient Condition indicator
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When
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Sufficient Condition indicator
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Whenever
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Sufficient Condition indicator
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Every
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Sufficient Condition indicator
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All
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Sufficient Condition indicator
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Any
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Sufficient Condition indicator
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People who
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Sufficient Condition indicator
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In order to
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Sufficient Condition indicator
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The only way to
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Sufficient Condition indicator
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Then
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Necessary Condition indicator
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Only
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Necessary Condition indicator
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Only if
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Necessary Condition indicator
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Must
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Necessary Condition indicator
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Requires/d
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Necessary Condition indicator
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Unless
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Necessary Condition indicator
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Except
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Necessary Condition indicator
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Without
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Necessary Condition indicator
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Until
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Necessary Condition indicator
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