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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a childhood disorder involving inattentiveness, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity; often leads to academic failure and social problems
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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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mental representations of familiar large-scale spaces, such as neighborhood or school
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cognitive maps
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the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts
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cognitive self-regulation
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Piaget's third stage, during which thought is logical, flexible, and organized in its application to concrete information; however, the capacity for abstract thinking is not yet present; spans from years 7 to 11
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concrete operational stage
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a classroom that is based on the educational philosophy that students construct their own knowledge; consists of richly equipped learning centers, small groups and individuals solving problems they choose for themselves, and a teacher who guides and supports in response to children's needs
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constructivist classroom
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thinking that involves arriving at a single correct answer to a problem; the type of cognition emphasized on intelligence tests
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convergent thinking
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the ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate - something others have not thought of that is useful in some way
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creativity
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the generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem; associated with creativity
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divergent thinking
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a stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises
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dominance hierarchy
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an approach consistent with Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development, in which purposeful teaching is introduced into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support
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dynamic assessment
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the idea that children may adopt teachers' positive or negative attitudes toward them and start to live up to these views
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educational self-fulfilling prophecy
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the memory strategy of creating a relation between two or more items that are not members of the same category
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elaboration
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individual differences in the capacity to process and adapt to emotional information; predicts many aspects of adjustment and life success
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emotional intelligence
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placement of students with learning difficulties in regular classrooms for the entire school day
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full inclusion
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exceptional intellectual ability; includes high IQ, high creativity, and specialized talent
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gifted
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specific learning disorders that lead children to achieve poorly in school, despite an average or above-average IQ; believed to be due to brain functioning
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learning disabilities
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placement of students with learning difficulties into regular classrooms for part of the school day
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mainstreaming
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substantially below-average intellectual functioning, resulting in an IQ between 55 and 70 and problems in adaptive behavior, or skills of everyday living
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mild mental retardation
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a greater-than-20-percent increase over average body weight, based on the individual's age, sex, and physical build
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obesity
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in Piaget's theory, the internal rearrangement and linking together of schemes so that they forma strongly interconnected cognitive system; in information processing, the memory strategy of grouping together related items
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organization
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an approach to beginning reading instruction that emphasizes simplified reading materials and training in the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds
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phonics approach
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the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language, as indicated by sensitivity to changes in sounds within words and to incorrect pronunciation; a strong predictor of reading and spelling achievement
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phonological awareness
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an approach to teaching based on Vygotsky's theory in which a teacher and two to four students form a collaborative learning group and take turns leading dialogues on the content of a text passage, using four cognitive strategies: questioning, summarizing, clarifying, and predicting; creates a zone of proximal development in which reading comprehension improves
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reciprocal teaching
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the memory strategy of repeating information
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rehearsal
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the ability to think through a series of steps in a problem and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point
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reversibility
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a form of peer interaction involving friendly chasing and play-fighting that, in our evolutionary past, may have been important for the development of fighting skills
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rough-and-tumble play
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the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight
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seriation
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a classroom based on Vygotsky's theory, in which children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings; as children acquire knowledge, and strategies from working together, they become competent, contributing members of their classroom community and advance in cognitive and social development
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social-constructivist classroom
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the fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype, which can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance
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stereotype threat
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outstanding performance in a specific field
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talent
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Gardner's theory, which indentifies eight independent intelligences on the basis of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activities
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theory of multiple intelligences
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a classroom based on the educational philosophy that ehe teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision-making; students are relatively passive - listening, responding when called on, and coompleting teacher-assigned tasks; their progress is evaluated by how well they keep up with a uniform set of standards for their grade
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traditional classroom
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the ability to seriate mentally
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transitive inference
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Sternberg's theory, which states that intelligent behavior involves balancing analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence to achieve success in life, according to one's personal goals and the requirements of one's cultural community
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triarchic theory of successful intelligence
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an approach to beginning reading instruction that parallels children's natural language learning and keeps reading materials whole and meaningful
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whole-language approach
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