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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Semantics |
The study of meaning in language |
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Syntax |
The set of rule that determine how words are combined to make phrases and sentences. |
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Thinking |
Is defined as the manipulation of mental representations. |
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Cognition |
Includes the mental activities involved in the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of knowledge. |
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Concept |
Is a label that represents a class or group og objects, people, or events that share common characteristics or qualities. |
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Mental imagery |
Refers to mental representations of things that are not physically present. |
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Cognitive maps |
Contain our mental images of what is where. |
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Reasoning |
Involves transforming information to reach a conclusion. |
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Inductive reasoning |
Involves reasoning from the specific to the general |
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Deductive reasoning |
Is reasoning from the general to the specific. |
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Logical reasoning |
Includes mental procedures that yield cvalid conclusions. |
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Problem solving |
Is the mental activity used when we want to reach a certain goal that is not readily available. |
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Problem solving includes |
Understanding the problem Planning a solution Carrying out the solution Evaluating the results |
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Algorithms |
Every possible solution is explored |
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Heuristics |
"Rules of thumb" or shortcuts that help solve problems. |
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Subgoals or means-end analysis |
Intermediate steps to help solving a problem. |
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Analogy |
Solution to an earlier problem is used to help solve current problem. |
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Working backwards |
For a problem with well-specified goal, you begin at the goal and work backwards. |
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Expert systems or artificial intelligence |
Computer programs that solve specific problems. |
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Incubation |
Putting the problem aside for a while and engaging in some other activity before returning to the problem. |
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Trial and Error |
One solution after another is tried in no particular order until a solution is found. |
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Functional fixedness |
The inability to solve a problem because the function we assign to objects tends to remain fixed or stable. |
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Mental set |
Tendency to persist with old patterns for problem solving even when they are not successful. |
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Confirmation bias |
Tendency to confirm rather than refute a problem's hypothesis even when there is strong evidence that the hypothesis is wrong. |
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Creative problem solving |
Involves coming up with a solution that is both unusual and useful. |
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Divergent thinking |
Or thinking that produces many different correct answers to the same problem or question. |
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Decision making |
Requires you to make a choice about the likelihood of certain events. |
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The availability heuristic |
Involves judging the probability of an event by how easily examples of the event come to mind. |
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The representativeness heuristic |
Occurs when you decide whether the sample you are judging matches the appropriate prototype. |
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The anchoring heuristic |
Occurs when you estimate an event's probability of occurrence and then make adjustments to that estimate based on additional information. |
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The additive model |
Is another method for decision making. It occurs when we rate the attributes of each alternative and then select the alternative that has the highest sum of ratings. |
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Compensatory methods |
Allow attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive attributes |
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Noncompensatory methods |
Do not allow some attributes to compensate for others. One bad rating results in eliminating that alternative. |