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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
linguistic relativity
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the view that structural differences among languages are reflected in the worldviews held by their speakers
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speech community
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all those who share a language vareity as well as specific rules for speaking and interpreting speech
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communicative competence
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the knowledge that enables a person communicate in any socioculturally authentic context
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participant observation
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the immersion of anthropological field-workers in the day-to-day activities of the people they are studying, usually for an extended period of time
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emic
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an analytical approach or description that emphasizes aspects of culture or language held to be significant and contrastive by members of the society being studied
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etic
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an analytical approach or description based on data that are verifiable objectively and applicable cross-culturally
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speech situation/social situation
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the context in which speaking takes place (for example: a fishing trip, family meal, beer party)
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linguistic determinism
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the assumption that the way individuals think is determined to a significant degree by the language they speak
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informant/consultant
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a person serving as a source of data for the analysis of language, speech behavior, or culture--usually a native speaker
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speech act
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the minimum unit of speech (for example: a greeting, an apology, self-introduction)
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lover boy theory
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historically, women chose sexual partners who spoke over those who couldn't or didn't do it well
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spandrel theory
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language was a side effect of humans developing larger brains.
spandrels = acccidental side effect of having arches but led to the opportunity for art. with the accidental space in our brains, it gave us the opportunity to develop speech. part of the brain which has language is next to the part where we can make tools and grasp objects. |
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sign
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refers to something else, is tied to something else, is in the here and now, concrete referent, IE babies learn how to speak because crying
doesn't get them too far. has a time and space restriction |
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symbol
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what language is made up of, abstract referent, categories, doesn't necessarily take place in the present, arbitrarily constructed, any types of sounds will do as long as they get the right response, conventional meaning, IE "chair" could refer to a specific chair or all chairs. have no time or space restriction
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what others hear theory
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exactly what is said doen't matter--the reaction matters
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metacommunication
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talking about our own communication
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siginificant symbol
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a symbol is significant if it triggers the same response in another as that in the person who develops or presents the symbol. the meaning of words or the order in whic you say them doesn't matter as long as your intentions are fulfilled
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punctuating interaction sequences
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a wife nags and a husband withdrawls. the wife thinks she must nag becasue he withdrawls. the husband thinks he must withdrawl because she nags. they are each "punctuating" (interpreting) the situation differently which leads to metacommunication
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modern myths concerning languages
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1) unwritten languages are "primitive"
2) languages of peoples whose societies are not urbanized and industrialized have "little grammar" or rules-- their languages is in a random fashion 3) vocabularies of "primitive" languages are too small and inadequate to account for the nuances for the physical and social universes of their speakers 4) not all languages are considered equal |
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how words affect behavior (example)- whorf
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ppl aroung a sign that says "gasoline tanks" act differently than ppl around a sign that says "empty gasoline tank". these last ppl may throw cigarettes around the tanks even though they are still dangerous. the word "empty" signifies to these ppl a lack of hazard.
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whorf
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linguistic relativity, linguistic determinism. a language and the culture it serves mirror eachother.
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language
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refers to any one of the several thousand systems of oral communication used by different human societies
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blending and duality of patterning
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two things must have happened...
blending: producing a new call from two old ones (modern IE: brunch), opened a closed system bringing the development to the prelanguage stage. duality: the process by which the units of a limited set of signals on one level were combined to form a very large number of arrangements on another level, eliminated the increasing congestion of calls (modern IE: the sounds of breakfast and lunch can also form numerous other wods, but not the letters) |
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interaction situation
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two or more people within eachother's microspace
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copresence
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each person is aware of the other, and aware that the other is aware
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civil inattention
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each person makes the decision that they will be civil and recognize eachother's existence, but not engage in focused interaction with seomone
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content and relationship levels of interaction
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there are two levels of communication when we talk to eachother: content and relationship. all communication implies commitment to others and defines the relationship. if we understand the identify of others, we can pretty easily predict future behavior. all relationship level messages contain at least one of these: -this is how i see u
-this is how i see u seeing me -this is how i see me -this is how i see our relationship if these and the responses of these dont fit, the interaction wont happen or continue |
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unhealthy relationship
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the relationship level becomes the focus (content becomes insignificant)
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hockett and ascher
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13 design-features. belief that all languages of the world share every one of them
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16 design features
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1) vocal auditory channel
2) broadcast transmission and directional reception 3) rapid fading 4) interchangeability 5) complete feedback 6) specialization 7) semanticity 8) arbitrariness 9) discreteness 10) displacement 11) openness (or productivity) 12) duality (of patterning) 13) cultural (or traditional) transmission 14) prevarication 15) reflexiveness 16) learnability |
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vocal auditory channel
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among mammals, the use of the vocal-auditory channel for communication is extremely common. its beneficial also because it leaves the rest of ur body to carry on other activities
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broadcast transmission and directional reception
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speech sounds move from the source in all directions, the sender and receiver do not need to see eachother to communicate. using both ears to listen allows the reciever to determine the direction of sound
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rapid fading
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words dont last longer than they are spoken (unlike writing)... good for those who speak foolishly and bad for those who are wise
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