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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Face theory |
first developed by Erving Goffman (1950s). Face=self esteem- ‘saving’ or ‘losing’ face. Developed in 1980s by Brown and Levinson with positive and negative face. Positive- need to be liked/admired. Negative- feel free and not imposed on. Positive/ negative politeness strategies appease these. Face threatening acts have the potential to threaten these. |
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Grice’s Cooperative Principle |
Maxims to have successful of cooperative convo: quantity - appropriate amount of detail, quality- truth, not misleading, manner- avoid vagueness and ambiguity clear explanation in the right order, relevance- relevant to the topic of convo. When we don’t follow, we ‘flout’ a maxim (often conscious). |
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Mumsnet Acronyms |
AIBU- am I being unreasonable. SAHM- stay at home mum. LTB- leave the bastard. |
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Business/corporate speak |
Criticisms- unclear, tedious. Characteristics- acronyms , metaphors, euphemisms, Latin. Blue sky thinking, get our ducks in a row, thinking outside the box, boil the ocean. FYI,ETA,NRN. Euphemisms- outsource, headcount adjustment, downsize. Jargon- can I stir fry an idea in your think wok? Cabinet condom (tape applied to filing cabinet to stop it being locked), testiculate. |
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Michael Nelson |
Distinct differences in business speak to daily language. Business to do with people, companies, money. Don’t use personal, societal, emotional or negative semantic fields. E.g. places: business- department, boardroom, marketplace. Everyday language- town, prison, palace. |
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Discourse Community (2001) |
John Swales: •shared common goals •specialist language •eligible knowledge/skill. |
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Almut Koester (2004) |
Importance of phatic talk to develop relationships, connecting in solidarity and shared feelings. Helps get jobs done. |
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Drew and Heritage (1992) |
6 key differences between everyday and workplace talk: Asymmetry- one speaker has more power or knowledge than another. Turn taking restrictions- someone expected to speak first. Allowable contributions- restricting what participants can say. Goal Orientation. Professional lexis. Structure (specific e.g. meetings). Therefore they share an inferential framework (implicit knowledge of how to communicate) |
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Language of the Law |
Prima Facie- first impression, accepted as correct until disproved. Sub Judice- under judicial consideration so prohibited from the public. Novation- substitution of a new contract in place of an old one. Action- a judicial proceeding vs a process of doing something. Neighbour- closely associated to the act vs someone who lives next door. Benefits: creates a ‘discourse community’, legal field as exclusive and superior, people can be legal specialists and earn money. Legal field aware of their inferential framework. |
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Language of Education |
Hands up, sit down, it’s your own time you’re wasting. Acronyms- GCSE (general certificate of secondary education), STEM (science technology engineering media), OFSTED (office for standard education). |
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IRF structure- Sinclair and Coultard (1975) |
Initiation (of a topic, question, command or statement)-response-feedback(praise, follow on question, evaluation or reformation). Teachers often follow in classrooms. Pros- hierarchy- teacher control keeps discussion relevant. Teachers can perfect students answers in feedback. Positive relationship through feedback. Cons- teacher domination, feedback not always useful or genuine (mainly issues of how it is applied). |
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The Language of the Police (acronyms, legal statement, slang) |
Acronyms: D&D (drunk and disorderly), ASBO (anti-social behaviour order), S&S (stop and search). You do not have to say anything…Anything you do say may be given in evidence. ‘giving out love’- issuing a speed ticket. ‘Gavvers’- police. ‘Blaggers’- armed robbers. ‘A tickle’- an arrest. |
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Language of the medical field. (Jargon and affix systems, etymology, slang) |
Arthritis (joint inflamation). Neuralgia (nerve pain). Neurospasm (twitching muscle). IRF framework, back channelling, modality (epistemic), direct address acronyms. Latin+Greek origin- prestigious and don’t change (antiquated). FLK- funny looking kid. NFN- normal for Norfolk. Mrs Brown- a cup of tea. MRI, A&E, SARS |
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Language of Politics. Define: rhetoric, jargon, figurative language, euphemism, equivocation, sloganeering, sound bite, closed/ open question, face threatening act, oppressive discourse strategies, repressive discourse strategies. +criticism of politics lingo. |
Language to be effective and influence. Specific group lingo. Imaginative lingo, not literal, to create effect. Ambiguity to hide truth/ avoid commitment. Persuasion in repeating phrases, not evolving. Short sentence, to remember, used in speeches, repeated in media. Selected answer, yes or no. More thought than one word answer. Threatens positive or negative face. Obvious indicators of power. Subtle/covert indicators of power. Lack of substance. Seek reaction. Fabrication. Polarising. Downward convergence is performative. Distance from public. Distract from real issues. Language to control others. |
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Norman Fairclough 2001: Unequal encounters |
Between participants of different status levels or roles making a distinction between those who have ‘power behind discourse’. |
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Small Talk ‘bridging function’. |
Transition to the main business of a work place interaction |
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Restricted Lexis |
Words only found within a specific occupation |
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Restricted Lexis |
Words only found within a specific occupation |
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Occupational Lexis (+legal examples) |
Found in everyday language but has different meaning in an occupational setting. An action- a process of doing something vs a judicial proceeding, neighbour- lives next door vs one closely associated with the act |
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The Plain English Campaign |
Help people’s written text to meet their audience’s standard. |
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Herbert and Straight 1989 |
Compliments flow from superiors to inferiors |
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Hornyak 1994 |
Shift from work to personal talk is always initiated by the highest rank in the room |
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Types of power +what |
Political- with the backing of the law. Personal- power as a result of one’s roles Social group- result of being a member of a dominant group. Instrumental- authority to impose sanctions if power is ignored (police) Influential- lack of authority but attempting to persuade. |
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RP define |
Accent associated with upper class speakers which doesn’t indicate region. |
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Glottal stop |
Closing off vocal cords to prevent a sound coming out. |
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Rhotic |
Accents where speakers pronounce the post vocallic R |
