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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nature of language |
1. Words are only symbols 2. Meaning are in people, not words 3. Dynamic 4. Words have many types of meanings |
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Attributes of effective oral language |
1. Clear (correctness, accuracy, simple, understandable) 2. Direct and conversational 3. Appropriate to (audience, occasion, speech purpose and speaker's personality) 4. Vivid |
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Hughes's definition of language |
system of arbitrary symbols by which thought is conveyed from one human being to another
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DeVito's definitiona of language |
code, the system of symbols, utilized in the construction of verbal messages |
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Symbols which represent and substitute for objects, concepts, feelings, emotions, etc. |
Words |
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Triangle of meaning in Ogden and Richard's The Meaning of Meaning |
Broken lines connect the word or symbol and the referent or thing itself. This indicates that there is no direct relationship between the two, and it is only created in the mind of the user |
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Substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive word for one that may offend |
euphemism |
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Language is dynamic; it is a function of |
1. time 2. culture |
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Five general types of meanings |
1. denotation 2. connotation 3. structural meaning 4. contextual meaning 5. sound meaning |
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objective, precise, literal meaning or a word |
denotation |
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meanings that are more subjective, figurative, and variable |
Connotation |
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American senator who defined snarl-words and purr-words (same denotation with different connotations) |
S.I. Hayakawa, in Language in Thought and Action |
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Words that carry with them a strong effect on the reactions of the audience |
Loaded words |
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Tells us that th meaning of a sentence is adetermined not by the words alone but also by the total arrangement or sequence of words |
structural meaning |
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are the words with which a term is surrounded (contextual meaning) |
Linguistic factors |
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include: the situation in which the term is used, the facial expression and gestures (contextual meaning) |
Non-linguistic factors |
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Meaning derived from the way the word or words are spoken |
Sound meaning |
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Covers grammar and syntax (attributes of effective oral language) |
Correctness |
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Involves choosing words that precisely depict your meaning (attributes of effective oral language) |
Accuracy |
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Words that refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributtes |
Abstract words |
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Words that refer to tangible objects |
Concrete words |
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Suggestions to achieve simplicity of language style |
1. Avoid verbosity or wordiness 2. Use short and simple sentence construction 3. Avoid tautology and redundancy 4. Avoid hackneyed phrases or trite expressions |
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Technical language of a professional class |
Jargon |
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Sublanguage approprate in contexts of extreme informality |
Slang |
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Seven types of imagery to achieve vividness; Victor Ketcham: "Seven Doors to the Mind" |
1. visual 2. auditory 3. gustatory 4. olfactory 5. tactual 6. kinesthetic 7. organic |
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System of symbols human beings utilize in the construction of verbal messages |
Language |