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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Semiosis
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Producing and reading symbols
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Information vs. Meaning
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Information - bits of knowledge that can be sorted and differentiated
Meaning - Connecting something new to something we already know |
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Personal Symbols
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meanings differ from person to person
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Cultural Symbols
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meaning of the symbol is shared within a culture - like the American flag
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Semantics
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The connection between signs and their meanings
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Iconic Signs
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Signs that resemble the things they designate - like smiley faces :) or Chinese character for "man" "人"
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Indexical Signs
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A part represents the whole - like "the crown" represents the royal family, or like fingerprints represent someone's identity
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Arbitrary signs
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Signs that have no natural relation to what they stand for, but are made up by groups and accepted by cultural convention - like most written words, sign language signs, written numbers or times (like the appearance of the symbol "2' doesn't have anything to do with the value)
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Games vs. Rituals
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Games produce winners and losers (differences between ppl)
Rituals perform shared meaning and memory -baseball does both |
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Two aspects of Pronunciation
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Phonetics
Phonology |
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Phonology
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Study of the sounds used in a particular language - an inventory of sounds and their features, how the sounds are organized, and rules that specify how sounds interact with each other
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Phoneme
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The smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of language
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Graphetics
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Study of the properties of human mark-making - range of marks it is possible to make on a particular surface with particular materials - evolutionary perspective
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Graphology
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Study of the relations between sounds and symbols of a particular language
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Morphology
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Study of structurally meaningful word parts (morphemes)
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Morpheme
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Smallest meaningful word part-
Re-spond-er-s Fore-ground-ing Mean-ing-ful-ly |
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Syntax
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Relations between cause, agency, time, quality, and spatial relationship specified by the order of words
How strings are constructed - words into larger sequences |
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Pidgin
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languages that form when different societies come into contact and must devise a system of communication
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Creole
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After many generations of being spoken, pidgins may develop into this, which is more structured with tighter grammatical rules and native speakers
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Paralanguage
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Gesture
Intonation Stress |
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Pragmatics
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Doing things with language:
-manipulating others -convincing -creating reality -hiding (lying) |
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Conversational Analysis
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turn taking
topic control code switching - kids talk about drinking and a teacher comes in, they change the word "booze" to "juice" |
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Structure of language
(3 Steps) |
1. Define basic units (building blocks)
a b c d e f... 2. Define rules for combining units b+e+d but not d+b+e 3. Link resulting sign unit to a concept from the world |
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Design Features
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An evolutionary approach to human language
What particular capacities does language give us as communicators Some are shared with other species, some are uniquely human |
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Vocal-Auditory Channel
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for something to be language it has to be vocal - when language was created, it was to communicate with ppl directly around you, so vocal-auditory worked best
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Broadcast Transmission and Directional Reception
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when we say something it is broadcast to everyone around within earshot
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Rapid-Fading
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sound dies out after we say it -
advantages: no physical space limit to messages, things that we say don't just bounce around the room endlessly disadvantage: memory is required to preserve information |
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Interchangeability
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Double competence: production and reception
-hearer can become speaker -child can become parent, etc. Humans learn by taking the role of the other Basis of traditional socialization |
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Total Feedback
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We can hear ourselves speak
-we can monitor what we say -basis of self-consciousness |
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Specialization
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speech is produced principally for communication, not for any other purpose, like echolocation
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Arbitrariness
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sounds and their meanings are connected arbitrarily - language is not tied to reality (we can have words for things that do not exist, or lie)
-in tension with semantics because semantics is a meaningful connection between word and object, but arbitrariness means that there is nothing really connecting the two |
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Semanticity
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the connection between a sound and the object it represents - for an utterance to become meaningful it cannot SEEM arbitrary to the speaker or listener
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Discreteness
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Language is a combinatorial system - it can be broken down to building blocks or discrete units that combine to form continuous-sounding words and phrases
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Displacement
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Things can be expressed in different times/places than they happened - allows for "pickling" of experiences
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Productivity
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We only have to learn a limited number of rules to be able to say an unlimited number of phrases
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Traditional Transmission
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Language is socially reproduced, not biologically
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Duality of Patterning
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really: multiplicity of patterning
-language is a hierarchically layered system of formal patterns -systems within systems within systems |
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Idiolect
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distinct personal way of speaking
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Dialect
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Regional or local way of speaking - also reflects social class
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Speech Register
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Way of speaking based on social context - you talk different ways around different people
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Phonaesthemes
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Sounds mimic meaning
Fudge, Trudge, Sludge, Grudge- thick, viscous sound |