Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
monohybrid cross
|
cross of single trait (Xx)
|
|
dihybrid cross
|
cross of two traits (XxYy)
|
|
Homozygous
|
has 2 identical alleles for a given trait
|
|
Heterozygous
|
has 2 alleles, each received from a a different parent
|
|
Dominant
|
only one allele needs to be expressed
|
|
recessive
|
two alleles must be present for a recessive trait to be expressed
|
|
F1 generation
|
hybrid offspring of the P generation
|
|
F2
|
offspring of 2 F1 generations
|
|
Law of Segregation
|
allele pairs seperate during the formation of gametes (monohybrid)
|
|
Law of Independent Assortment
|
traits segregate and pairs of alleles assort themselves independently of other pairs of alleles (dihybrid,tri,etc)
|
|
Sex Linkage
|
traits located on the sex chromosomes
|
|
Recombinant DNA technology
|
introducing specific genes from one organism to another
|
|
transgenic organism
|
an organism with a gene from another species
|
|
restriction enzymes
|
cut DNA molecules at specific sites
|
|
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
|
enables scientists to make many copies of isolated DNA
|
|
mapping
|
cutting DNA and separating the fragments
|
|
Restriction endonucleases
|
restriction enzymes that manipulate dna molecules
|
|
Restricting
|
Cutting
|
|
Palindromic
|
sequencings of the DNA complimentary strands read the same backward and forward
|
|
Plasmid
|
Small, extrachromosomal circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria and yeasts
|
|
Genomics
|
mapping and sequencing genomes of organisms
|
|
Cell Differientiation
|
cells, tissues and organs become specialized for a particular function
|
|
morphogenesis
|
development of the animal's shape and organization
|
|
gametogenesis
|
production of gametes
|
|
fertilization
|
the union of male and female gametes
|
|
cleavage and blastulation
|
the production of a multicellular blastula
|
|
gastrulation
|
the formation of the 3 germ layers
|
|
neurulation
|
the formation of the nervous system
|
|
organogenesis
|
the development of organs from the 3 germ layers
|
|
yolk
|
food reserves in egg composed of protein and fat
|
|
zygote
|
diploid cell from egg and sperm
|
|
blastula
|
stage after zygote - multicellular ball
|
|
blastomeres
|
cells of the blastula
|
|
blastocoel
|
a cavity within the blastula
|
|
isolecithal eggs
|
eggs with small amounts of evenly distributed yolk
|
|
telolecithal eggs
|
eggs with yolk concentrated at one end
|
|
centrolecithal eggs
|
eggs with yolk in the center of the egg
|
|
alecithal eggs
|
eggs with no significant yolk reserves
|
|
active cytoplasm
|
in telolecithal eggs, the nucleus of the egg is surrounded by this and is relatively devoid of yolk
|
|
blastodisc
|
the nuclear-cytoplasmic region in the egg
|
|
animal pole
|
pole where the blastodisc is located
|
|
animal hemisphere
|
half of egg associated with the animal pole
|
|
vegetal hemisphere
|
half of egg where the yolk is concentrated
|
|
vegetal pole
|
where the yolk is concentrated
|
|
holoblastic
|
cleavage where cell divisions pass through the entire egg (usually isolecithal)
|
|
meroblastic
|
cleavage that divides the active cytoplasm only (telolecithal)
|
|
blastoderm
|
a cap of cells formed in meroblastic cleavage
|
|
gastrula
|
made up of three embyronic germ layers
|
|
involution
|
surface cells migrate towards the interior of the embryo
|
|
archenteron
|
a new internal cavity form by involuted cells
|
|
endoderm
|
the germ layer that forms the digestive tract
|
|
blastopore
|
opening in gastrula that forms the anus
|
|
ectoderm
|
germ layer that is on the surface of the gastrula
|
|
mesoderm
|
the middle germ layer
|
|
neural plate
|
flattened ectodermal cells form this
|
|
neural groove
|
when the center of the neural plate sinks
|
|
neural folds
|
when the edges of the neural plate become elevated
|
|
neural tube
|
when the neural folds fuse and form the hollow___
|
|
oocytes
|
immature eggs
|
|
ovulation
|
release of oocytes into a single oviduct
|