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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is foal heat diarrhea? |
-- mild, self-limiting diarrhea -- occurs between 8-14 days of age -- foals are clinically normal |
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Why is it called foal heat diarrhea? What is the suspected cause? |
-- coincides with first pospartum estrus of mare >> correlation, not causation -- due to physiologic changes in foal's GI tract -- occurs in orphan foals, too |
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Treatment for foal heat diarrhea? |
-- no treatment usually necessary -- keep clean, prevent scalding |
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What is the most common infectious cause of diarrhea in neonatal foals? It causes up to ___% of all diarrhea cases in foals. |
-- rotavirus -- 50% of diarrhea cases >> high morbidity, low mortality |
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Predisposing causes of rotaviral enteritis? |
-- overcrowding -- poor hygiene |
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Why is rotavirus good at causing outbreaks and becoming an endemic problem on some large farms?
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-- it survives well in the environment >> need virocidal disinfectants |
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Pathophysiology of rotavirus infection? What does this result in? |
-- virus invades the small intestine -- absorptive cells are lost -- brush border enzyme production disrupted -- villous atrophy -- proliferation of crypt cells >> malabsorption >> maldigestion |
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One supportive medication that may help foals with malabsorption/maldigestion due to rotavirus? |
-- lactaid |
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Rotavirus causes what kind of diarrhea? This results in what for the foal? |
-- profuse, watery diarrhea -- dehydration -- electrolyte distrubances -- acid/base disturbances |
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Death from rotavirus occurs due to? Thus, what treatment is important? |
-- hypovolemic shock -- important to give IV fluids with supportive care |
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Most foals with rotavirus improve when? |
-- improve within 3-5 days, up to 2 wks |
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Diagnosis of rotavirus? |
-- PCR of feces -- EM -- ELISA -- latex agglutination test |
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Prevention of rotavirus infection? |
-- vaccination (big farms with endemic problems) -- isolation -- hygiene/biosecurity -- disinfect equipment >> virocidal, follow mixing instructions >> phenolic compounds effective |
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Salmonella targets foals of what age? |
-- < 30 day old foal |
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With salmonella, ______ _____ occurs before _____ develops. |
-- septic shock occurs before diarrhea |
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Clinical signs of salmonella?
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-- septic shock before diarrhea -- obtunded -- severe abdominal pain -- profuse watery diarrhea -- endotoxemia |
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Laboratory findings with salmonella?
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-- acidemia, neutropenia, leukopenia, hypovolemia |
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Diagnosis of Salmonella? |
-- PCR -- blood culture (fresh sample) -- may need to test mares (carriers/shedding) |
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Species of clostridia that affect foals? |
-- C. difficile -- C. perfringens type A, B, and C |
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Most common type of clostridium that infects foals? |
-- Type A |
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Signs of Clostridium infection? |
-- peracute death without diarrhea -- severe diarrhea that lasts for days to weeks >> can be hemorrhagic -- bowel perforation and peritonitis |
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Why are foals susceptible to clostridia? |
-- flora has not established itself in the foal >> Clostridial organisms proliferate |
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Pathogenesis of Clostridium infection? |
-- toxins are released -- damage enterocytes -- damage entire villus -- serum exudation and hemorrhage |
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Diagnosis of Clostridial infection? |
-- PCR for toxin producing genes >> lots of normal foals have clostridia >> need proof of toxin >> e.g. alpha and beta pore-forming toxins |
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Treatment of clostridium infection? |
-- metronidazole -- often unrewarding |
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Prevention of clostridial infection? |
-- consider vaccinating mares? >> bovine vx, use caution -- probiotics on farms w/ endemic clostridium >> try to keep clostridium in check -- good hygiene pre-foaling >> wash mare's teats to dec. transmission |
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Rhodococcus equi most often causes what kind of infection?
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-- respiratory infection -- uveitis, joint effusion -- occasionally causes diarrhea -- necrosis of lymph nodes and peyer's patches |
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Isolation of rhodococcus equi in feces is diagnostic. T/F? |
-- false -- not diagnostic, can be normal flora |
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Equine proliferative enteritis is caused by what? |
-- Lawsonia intracellularis |
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Lawsonia affects foals of what age? |
-- weanling foals -- 6 mo or older |
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Clinical signs of Lawsonia infection? |
-- anorexia -- dependent edema -- hypoproteinemia/hypoalbuminemia -- lethargy -- weight loss -- fever, colic, diarrhea (less freq. observed) |
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Lawsonia transmission? |
-- fecal oral transmission |
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Diagnosis of Lawsonia? |
-- ultrasound: thickened SI walls -- fecal culture, flotation -- PCR |
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Lab work with Lawsonia? |
-- CBC: hyperfibrinogenemia, neutrophilia, leukocytosis, hypoproteinemia -- chem: hypoalbuminemia |
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Treatment of Lawsonia? How long will it take for them to recover? |
-- abx: macrolides, tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol -- crystalloid fluids, plasma -- nutritional support -- porcine vx (off-label) -- weeks to recover |
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Prevention of Lawsonia? |
-- vx -- dec. stress -- parasite control -- antimicrobials |
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Cryptosporidium pathogenicity _____. |
-- pathogenicity unclear >> can be found in completely normal foals |