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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the study of movement and the active and passive structures involved
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kinesiology
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the study of the action of forces, internal and external, on the body
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biomechanics
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what are the three types of muscle activation?
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concentric activation
eccentric activation isometric activation |
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this type of muscle activation...
- muscles shorten -muscle begins the contraction at a longer length than the length at completion of the movement -example: bringing a cup to the mouth to take a drink |
concentric contraction
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type of muscle activation...
- muscles attempt to shorten but are strechted by an overpowering external force - the opposing force pulls the contracting muscle to a longer length - example: placing a heavy textbook on a table |
eccentric contraction
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type of muscle activation...
- the contractile mechanisms are activated but there is no appreciable change in the fiber lengths or movement - the foce in the opposite direction equally balances the effort of the contraction -example: holding a stack of books |
isometric contraction
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the prime mover
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agonist
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oppose the prime mover
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antagonis
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muscles that act together to produce a movement such as opening a heavy door
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synergist
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movement in a circular path around an axis
- all joints perform this movement |
rotary motion
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movement of an object in which all points move the same distance in the same direction in the same amount of time. movement starts in one place and ends in another
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translatory/ linear motion
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combination of angular and linear motion
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curvilinear motion/ general motion
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quantity of rotary motion is known as...
-degrees of motion -goniometry -arc of motion |
range of motion
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the number of planes around which a segment can move
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degrees of freedom
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how many degrees of freedom?
-uniaxial joint. - joint has one axis and can move in one plane example: thumb IP joint |
1 degree
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how many degrees of freedom?
- joint has 2 axes and can move in 2 planes -ex. CMC joint |
2 degrees
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how many degrees of freedom?
- joint has 3 axes and can move in 3 planes ex. ball and socket joints, hip |
3 degrees
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what are the 6 functions of muscles?
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1. support & stability
2. allow movement 3. generate tension transmitted to bone 4. joint stability via tendons 5. pull segments apart & cause instability 6. support/ protect organs & internal tissue |
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striped muscle attached primarily to skeleton
-rapid and intermittent contractions |
voluntary/ striated/ skeletal muscle
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muscle found in areas where movement occurs without conscious thought such as stomach, blood vessels...
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smooth/ unstriated/ involuntary muscle
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the basic shape of the whole muscle
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muscle morphology
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shapes of muscle..
-round in shape - surround an opening. sphincter -obicularis oris |
circular
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shapes of muscle..
- origin, usually proximal is wider than point of insertion - max force production -sometimes known as triangular muscles ex. pec major |
convergent
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shape of muscle..
- muscle fibers run parallel to each other - normally long muscles which cause large movements, good endurance -ex. sartorious and sternocleidomastoid |
parallel
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shape of muscle..
- spindle shaped with muscle belly wider and tapering at origin and insertion - strap like arrangement for greatest degree of shortening for quick and wide ROM ex. biceps brachii |
fusiform
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shape of muscles..
- large number of muscle fibers - very strong but tire easily |
pennate
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shape of muscles..
- fibers insert in a diagonal direction onto the tendon, which allows great strength ex. lumbricals |
unipennate
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shape of muscles..
- two rows of muscle fibers, facing in opposite diagonal directions, with a central tendon, like a feather - greater power but less range of motion -rectus femoris and dorsal interossi |
bipennate
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shape of muscle
- multiple rows of diagonal fibers, with a central tendon which branches into two or more tendons ex. deltiod, triceps |
multipennate
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in this type of muscle..
-muscle shortens as a direct relationship of muscle fiber shortening |
parallel fibered muscles
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in this type of muscle..
- the muscle progressively increase their angle relative to tendon - rotate about tendon attachment |
pennate fibered muscles
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what is the part of the muscle that affects movement?
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tendon
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collagin and elastin combine to provide what 3 things?
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1. strength
2. structural support 3. elasticity |
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what are the three sets of connective tissue in skeletal muscle
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1. epimysium
2. perimysium 3. endomysium |
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when a muscle contracts what does the tendon do?
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lengthen and then shorten
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the recoil property of a tendon enables elastic energy to be stored and released, increasing efficiency of the contraction...
this is known as.. |
series elastic component
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movement combines what 2 components?
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muscle force through tendon to joint
and elastic energy recoil of tendon |
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this describes the resistive force generated in the connective tissue when elongated
- does not depend on active contraction |
passive length-tension curve
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whhen parallel and series elastic components are stretched within a muscle what kind of curve is generated?
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passive length tension curve
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this force is produced by muscle fiber
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active force
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describe the breakdown of a muscle fiber...
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myofibrils --> myofilament--> actin and myosin
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a repeating band within a muscle is called..
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sarcomere
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the thick filaments are known as _______ and correspond with _____ bands
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myosin , A bands
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the thin filaments correspond with ______ and correspond with ______ bands (light bands)
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actin, I bands
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a body remais at rest or in constant linear velocity except when compelled by an external force to change its state
force is required to start, stop, or alter linear motion body remains at rest or in constant angular velocity about an axis or rotation unless compelled by an external torque to change its state |
Newtons first law: law of inertia
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body is in static equilibrium when its velocity is zero, or in dynamic equilibrium when its velocity is not zero, but constant
inertia is related to the amount of energy required to alter the velocity of a body |
Newtons first law: law of inertia
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the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force sustaining it, takes place in the same direction in which the force acts and is inversely proportional to the mass of the body
f= ma force = mass * acceleration if the net force produces an acceleration, the accelerated body with tavel in the direction of the resultant force |
newton's second law: law of acceleration
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what is the primary torque producer within the muscoloskeletal system?
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muscle
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for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
- every effect one body exerts on another is counteracted by an effect the second body exerts on the first the two bodies interact simultaneously and the consequence of their interaction is specified by the law of acceleration ex. jumping from a rowboat-- you jump in one direction while the rowboat moves in the opposite direction |
Newtons 3rd law: law of action-reaction
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what part of the spine has an anterior convex curve?
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cervical
lumbar |
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what part of the spine has a posterior convex curve?
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thoracic
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type of joint...
- articulation that contains a fluid filled joint cavity between bony partners - majority of the joints in the upper and lower extremities Function: specialized for movement and always exhibit seven elements |
diarthrosis
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what are the four primary tissues in the body?
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1. muscle
2. nerve 3. epithelium 4. connective tissue |
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what are the different types of connective tissue
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1. dense irregular connective tissue
2. articular cartilage 3. fibrocartilage 4. bone 5. blood 6. fat |
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this type of connective tissue is found in the fibrous external layer of the articular capsule and ligaments
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dense irregular connective tissue
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type of connective tissue that is a speciliazed type of hyaline cartilage that forms the load bearing surface of joints
- avascular, aneural, and lacks a defined perichondrium |
articular cartilage
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these are located within the ground substance of different layers of articular cartilage
-these cells are bathed and nourished by nutrients within the synovial fluid - collagen fibers are arranged to form a restraining network that adds structural stability and excellent weight bearing capacity to the tissue |
chondrocytes
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forms much of the substance of intervertebral discs, labrum, and discs located within the pubic symphysis and other joints of the extremities
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fibrocartilage
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what is an ideal shock absorber in regions of the body that are subject to high multidirectional forces
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fibrocartilage
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what is the outer cortex of long bone of adult skeleton composed of?
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thick compact cortical bone
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what are the ends of long bones lined with?
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thin layer of compact bone that covers an interconnecting network of cancellous bone
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