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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Darwin's theory was known as the theory of:
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Natural Selection
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Who was responsible for providing the principles of heredity?:
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Gregor Mendel
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A reproductively isolated population or group capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring is a:
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Species
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Which of the following best describes the "Great Chain of Being" approach?
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A categorization of animate and inanimate forms based on observable similarities
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Mendel discovered that inheritance was particulate, not:
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Blended
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If a young man has Type A blood, this is his:
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Phenotype
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Overall, what kind of force is mutation in evolution term?:
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Positive Force
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Which of the following are steps in the scientific method?:
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State the problem, form a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, form conclusion
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A theory is defined as:
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An explanation of natural phenomena, supported by a reliable body of data
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Charles Darwin was hired as a _______ on the H.M.S. Beagle:
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Traveling Companion
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Which of the following best describes ethnography?:
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A detailed description of a particular culture primarily on fieldwork including participant observation
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What was different (or unique) about Gregor Mendel's approach to gardening?:
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He took systematic notes and was able to identify patterns of heredity
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The principle that variants of genes for a particular trait retain their separate identities through the generations is called:
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Law of independent assortment
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Frans Boas found that one of the major differences between first generation immigrants to the United States and their children was in the area of:
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Height
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Alleles are:
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Alternate forms of a single gene
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Cell division that involves exact replication of parent cells is called:
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Mitosis
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Sex cell division is called:
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Meiosis
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Anthropology is unique among social sciences because it has traditionally focused on:
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Non-western people and culture
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Genetic analyses indicate that the first humans originated:
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5-8 millions years
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The garbage project is an example of:
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Ethnoarchaeology
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All of the following are important aspects of study in the Garbage Project, except:
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How to decrease consumption levels in the United States population
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What does it mean to say that "Anthropology is an empirical science"?:
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It is based on observations about humans
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Which of the following best describes ethnology?:
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Cross-cultural comparative research
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An explanation supported by a reliable body of data is called a:
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Theory
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The holistic anthropological perspective is expansive and inclusive and involves the study of human beings as:
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Complex biological and cultural organisms
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Humans are remarkable among the primates in that they:
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Inhabit such a wide geographical range
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The identification of human skeletal remains is the primary focus of:
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Forensic Anthropology
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Approximately how many species of primates are considered to be endangered today?:
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76
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What British primatologist is most known for studies of chimpanzees?:
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Jane Goodall
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A creature that is active at night is considered to be:
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Nocturnal
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Mammals have all of the following characteristics except:
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A combination of nasal and mouth cavities
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Frans De Waal, is his study of bonobos, has found that the _____ that occurs after an attack may be more important that the attack itself:
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Reconciliation
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Which of the following behaviors is unique to bonobos?:
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Use of large leaves as trail markers for communication
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Researchers at Gombe, Tanzania have found that annually chimpanzees kill what percentage of red colobus monkeys within their habitat?:
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20%
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Chimpanzee hunts are frequently characterized by:
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Male-Female involvement and teamwork
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For an aboreal primate, which sense is most important in locating food?:
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Vision
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The sense of smell is vital for ______ in their location of food sources:
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Ground-dwelling, nocturnal mammals
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What is unique about bonobo sexual activity among non-human primates?:
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They do not limit their sexual behavior to times of female fertility
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If a creature is active in the day and rests at night, it is considered to be:
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Diurnal
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Participant observation means that the anthropologist should be involved in absolutely everything that a cultural group does in order to study them:
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False
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An ethnographer may work among stock brokers in New York City:
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True
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An individual's composite physical characteristics are known as the phenotype:
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True
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The ultimate source of evolutionary change is mutation:
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True
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What is continental drift?:
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Movement of the earth's surface over time due to plate tectonics
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If two populations of primates were separated for a substantially long period of time by geographical changes, causing them, over time, to begin developing characteristics that distinguished them from each other, it could result in:
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Cladogenesis
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What evidence is used for hominoid fossil to be definitively classified as part of the human evolutionary line?:
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Bipedalism
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Why does your textbook classify early human ancestors as "australopithecines"?:
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It is unclear exactly how many species exist
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Which of the following is not found characteristically in bipeds?:
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Opposable big toes
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Which australopithecine subsisted more on meat that the other?:
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Gracile
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Bipedalism confers each of the following advantages over quadrupeds except?:
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Run faster
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Which of the following in "Handy Man"?:
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Homo Habilis
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Remains in southern Africa suggest that homo erectus may have learned to use fire by:
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1 million years ago
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Plate tectonics is responsible for:
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All of the above
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When did the Neolithic transition begin?:
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Around 10,000 years ago
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Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement?:
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The switch from food foraging to food production allowed people to work less in subsistence pursuits
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The Oasis Hypothesis argues that:
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Climatic shifts and drought created a need for people to begin food production
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Domestication:
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Increases productivity and increases INstability
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For the most part Neolithic crops were selected for:
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Higher productivity and storability rather than nutritional value
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When humans made the transition for hunter-gather to living in Neolithic communities:
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Morality rates increased and health declined
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Humans made the transition form hunting and gathering for a food producing lifestyle because:
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All of the above
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Domestication is an:
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Evolutionary process whereby human modify the genetic makeup for plants and animals
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For humans the Neolithic transition:
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Facilitated a reorganized workload that permitted craft specialization
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The four changes that occurred when Neolithic villages transitioned to the first city centers were:
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Agricultural innovation, diversification of labor, emergence of centralized government, social stratification
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Which theory of state development argues that forceful leaders play a central role in the development of complex societies?:
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Action theory
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Bronze is made from:
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Copper and tin
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The Bronze age was marked by:
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Increasingly specialized tool production
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The advent of bronze metallurgy created advances in:
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Warfare and farming
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King Hammurabi's reign was especially accomplished in the areas of:
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Organization of government and legal system
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Anthropologists are able to reconstruct the social stratification of societies by examining:
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Burial customs and grave goods
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What is the evidence of a centralized government or centralized authority?:
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Law codes, temple records, royal chronicles
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All of the following were significant challenges to early state societies EXCEPT:
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Recording of tax collections
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Irrigation techniques, such as dikes, canals, and reservoirs, were direct result of:
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Centralized government
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Which of the following is an enzyme found in the small intestine that enables the digestion of milk sugar?:
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Lactase
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What is the thrifty genotype?:
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A genotype that permits the efficient storage of fat for times of food scarcity
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Melanin has the primary function of:
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Protecting the skin against solar radiation
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Radiocarbon dating is an example of:
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Absolute dating method
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Which of the following is a true statement about human diversity?:
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All of the above
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The significance of calcium carbonate is that it serves to:
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Fossilize bones
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What is a midden?:
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Garbage mound
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In archeology, the study of earth layers is referred to as:
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Stratigraphy
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An archaeological technique employed to recover tiny objects by immersion of soil samples in water is called:
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Flotation
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A paleoanthropologist must be particularly skilled in techniques associated with what discipline?:
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Geology
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The period of time before the presence of written records is referred to as:
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Prehistory
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The environmental and social circumstances theory for the emergence of states explains that:
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States develop where populations are limited by barriers such as mountains, deserts, or seas
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Archaeological sites are destroyed through excavation:
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True
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Prior to the cultural practice of the burial of the dead, entirely preserved fossil skeletons are very rare:
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True
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The concept of biological race is applicable to human variation:
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False
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Race is a social myth that argues humans formed different subspecies or groups based on phenotypical expressions:
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True
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Domestication of plants and animals by humans encourages a sedentary lifestyle with the potential for overpopulation relative to the resource base:
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True
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Culture is:
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Socially constructed and learned
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What was the primary argument of John Locke's tabula rasa theory?:
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That we are "blank slates" at birth regarding the potential for personality development
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Researchers have found that in large-scale industrialized countries, children's self-awareness develops:
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Less rapidly
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In the United States, a 15-week old infant spends approximately what percentage of its time with its mother?
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About 20%
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Ranges of acceptable behavior for the individual within society are part of:
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Normative Orientation
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Psychological anthropologists have distinguished between two general patterns of child rearing:
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DepenDENCE and indepenDENCE training
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What percent of individuals worldwide are intersexed in some way?:
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About 1%
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The distinctive ways any individual thinks, feels and behaves is considered her or his:
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Personality
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The term used for individuals who are born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female is:
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Intersexual
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In the barrel model of culture, what are the three areas most interrelated?:
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Infrastructure, superstructure, and social structure
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Which of the following is most directly associated with height?:
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Nutrition
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A group that shares ancestry, origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs is also called:
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An ethnic group
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The expression of the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group is called:
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Ethnicity
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A society in which two or more ethnic groups are politically organized into one territorial state is a/an:
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Pluralistic society
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All cultures are:
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Dynamic
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Which of the following best serves the anthropologist in his/her study of another culture?:
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Culture relativism
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Which of the following forces has caused the greatest acceleration in culture change today?:
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Globalization
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Gender is defined as:
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Culturally constructed meanings assigned to biological differences
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In what kind of society would you most expect to find exploitative child labor?:
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Capitalist society
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Stealing something from someone is an example of:
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Negative reciprocity
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Most generalized reciprocity occurs among:
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Close Kin
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Which characteristic best describes generalized reciprocity?:
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The value of the gift is not calculated, nor is time of repayment specified
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Which of the following is NOT considered an attribute of food foraging?:
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Planting
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Today, approximately what percentage of the world's population subsist through foraging as a primary mode of subsistence?:
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.005%
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Which of the following produces a surplus in order to sell on the market?
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Agriculturist
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An economic system is:
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An organizational arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods
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Taxes are a form of:
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Redistribution
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The number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of technology is called the:
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Carrying Capacity
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All of the following are arguments commonly used against same-sex marriage EXCEPT:
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It destroys the social and economic basis of society
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The united states custom of bride's family paying for the wedding expenses is:
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Dowry
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According to a cross-cultural survey of family types in 192 cultures around the world, the most common family type is:
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Extended
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The nuclear family is especially well adapted to modern industrialized societies that requires:
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A high degree of geographical mobility
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The most common family type is traditional farming and herding cultures is the:
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Extended family
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According to strict Judeo-Christian law, as prescribed in the book of Leviticus, adultery was punished by:
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Death
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Which of the following statements is true regarding first-cousin marriage?:
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It does not cause a significant increase in genetic deficiency
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Social rules and cultural meanings of human sexual behavior are governed by:
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Culture
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Among Christian colonists in 17th and 18th century New England, adultery by women often led to:
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Social Ostracism
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In which famous novel was adultery among Christian colonists in New England explored?:
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The scarlet letter
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The sounds and gestures of language are not natural, rather they have had meaning added to them and are thus classified as:
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Symbols
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Approximately ______ languages exist today, whereas at the beginning of the Age of Exploration there was estimated to be approximately ______:
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6,000; 10,000
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If you were assigned to decipher an unwritten language and had to analyze its particular system of grammar, which are of linguistics would be the most useful to you?:
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Descriptive linguistics
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The smallest unit of sound THAT CARRIES A MEANING in a language is called a:
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Morpheme
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English is part of what subgroup of languages?:
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Germanic
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In the past, one of the most powerful forces for linguistic change has been:
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Colonialism
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The revival of Ancient Hebrew as one of the official languages of Israel can be classified as an example of:
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Linguistic nationalism
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The study of the relationship between language and society, focusing on categories of stratification such as class, is called:
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Sociolinguistics
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What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?:
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Language affects individuals' perceptions of the world
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Which of the following was a FULLY DEVELOPED early writing system?:
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Egyptian Hieroglyphics
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The rules or principles of phrase and sentence-making in a language are called the:
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Syntax
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The smallest unit of sound that can make a difference in meaning (but no meaning itself) is called a:
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Phoneme
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Which of the following is not a Latin-derived language?:
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Russian
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In the word "heated," how would you best classify "ed"?:
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Bound Morpheme
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