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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Demography
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The study of human population. -Analyzes the size and composition of a population and studies how and why people move from place to place. |
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Fertility
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The incidence of childbearing in a country's population. |
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Crude Birth Rate
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The number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.
*Divide number of live births in a year by the total population and multiply the result by 1,000. |
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Mortality
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The incidence of death in a country's population. |
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Crude Death Rate
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The number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population. |
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Infant Mortality Rate
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The number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year. |
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Life Expectancy
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The average life span of a country's population. |
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Migration
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The movement of people into and out of a specified territory. |
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Out-Migration Rate
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The number of people leaving for every 1,000 people. |
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Sex Ratio
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The number of males for every 100 females in a nation's population. |
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Age-Sex Pyramid
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A graphic representation of the age and sex of a population. |
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Malthusian Theory
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Population tends to increase at a faster rate than its means of subsistence and that unless it is checked by moral restraint or by disease, famine, war, or other disaster widespread poverty and degradation inevitably result.
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Demographic Transition Theory
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A thesis that links population patterns to a society's level of technological development. |
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Zero Population Growth
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The rate of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level. |
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Urbanization
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The concentration of population into cities. |
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Industrial European Cities |
By about 1750, the Industrial Revolution triggered a second urban revolution. First in Europe and then in North America. |
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Colonial Settlement
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--In 1565, the Spanish founded this contra's oldest settlement, Saint Augustine, Florida. --In 1607, the English founded Jamestown, Virginia. --In 1624, the Dutch established New Amsterdam. Which was later renamed New York. |
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Urban Expansion |
1800-1860
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The Metropolitan Era |
1860-1950
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Urban Decentralization
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1950-Present
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Metropolis
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A large city that dominates as an urban area socially and economically. |
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Suburbs |
Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a city. |
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Megalopolis
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A vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs. |
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Gemeinschaft ("Community")
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Refers to a type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition. |
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Gesellschaft ("Association")
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A type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest. |
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Georg Simmel
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According to Simmel, individuals see the city as a crush of people, objects, and events. To prevent being overwhelmed by all this stimulation, urbanites develop a blasé attitude, tuning out much of what goes on around them. |
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Urban Ecology
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The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities. |
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Ecosystem
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Which encompasses the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment. |
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Environmental Deficit |
Profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short-term material affluence.
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Rain Forests |
Regions of dense forestation, most of which circle glove close to the equator.
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Environmental Racism
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Patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards.
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Ecologically Sustainable Culture |
A way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations. |
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Urbanization in Poor Nations |
-The second urban revolution took place after 1750 in Europe and North America with the Industrial Revolution. - A third urban revolution is now occurring in poor countries. Today, most of the world's largest cities are found in less developed nations. |
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Environmental Issues
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-Protecting the quality of water and air.
-Protecting the rain forests. -Global Warming. |
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Emile Durkheim
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Mechanical Solidarity
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Involves social bonds based on common sentiments and shared moral values. This type of social solidarity is typical of traditional, rural life. |
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Organic Solidarity |
Arises from social bonds based on specialization and interdependence. This type of social solidarity is typical of modern, urban life. |
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Robert Park |
Claimed that cities permit greater social freedom. |
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Louis Wirth
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Saw large, dense, heterogeneous populations creating an impersonal and self-interested, though tolerant, way of life. |