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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Insight
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Forms of cognitive change that involves recognition of previously unseen relationships.
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Shaping/Successive Approximations
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Strategy of positively reinforcing behaviors that are successively more similar to desired behavior.
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Fixed Interval Schedule
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Reinforcement schedule where the reinforcer is given following the first response occurring after a predetermined period of time.
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Premack Principle
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More probably behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors.
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Ego
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Acts as manager, trying to satisfy needs of Id in accordance with what is realistic and moral. Works according to the reality principle. Keeps Id in check. Delays gratification.
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Novel Stimulation
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New or changed experiences
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Avoidance Goals
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Doing something to avoid something else happening: student is motivated to work hard to avoid getting bad grades and looking stupid to others.
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Unconditioned Response
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Unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
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Conditioned Response
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Response that is similar or identical to the unconditioned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
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Memory Retrieval
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Memory is recalled
behavioral response is performed. |
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Avoidance Conditioning/Learned helplessness.
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Operant conditioning where the behavior is reinforced because it prevents something negative from happening (a form of negative reinforcement)
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General Effects of Psychotropic Drugs
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Alter mood, Alter Energy Levels, Produces hallucinations.
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Schacheter and Singer (1962)
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Impact of Social Context
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Variable Interval Schedule
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Reinforcement Schedule where the reinforcer is given following the first response occurring after a variable amount of time.
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Catharsis
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The process of releasing instinctual energy.
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Extrinsic Motives
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Human motives activated by external rewards
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Episodic Memory
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Memory for specific experiences that can be defined in terms of time and space.
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Intrinsic Motivation
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Human motives stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity and of its natural consequences.
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Primary Motives
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Biological Needs. Human motives for things that are necessary for survival such as food, water, warmth, sex, etc.
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Secondary Reinforcers
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Learned positive reinforcers.
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Vicarious Reinforcement
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Observed Reinforcement of the behavior of a model which also increases the probability of the same behavior in the observer.
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Temporary increase in the strength of a conditioned response which is likely to occur during extinction after the passage of time.
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Positive Reinforcement
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Any consequence of behavior that leads to an increase in the probability of its occurrence.
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Drug Tolerance
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Smaller effects if taken repeatedly.
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Dreaming Psycodynimic (Freud)
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Dreams are an important way our unconscious minds talk to us.
Freud: Manifest Content: story of the dream. Latent Content: Important hidden meaning. |
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Ecstasy (MDMA)
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Hallucinogenic and amphetamine like properties. Effects: Elevated mood, energy, closeness, and sensual and perceptual sensitivity. Release of Serotonin and Dopamine from Synaptic Terminals.
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'Shrooms
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Works on pathways for neurotransmitters for serotonin. Effects: euphoria and hallucinations.
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LSD (Acid)
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Works on pathways for serotonin. Effects: Euphoria, sense of well-being, some perceptual distortion.
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Psychological Perspectives on Dreams
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Hobson. Brain activity of REM sleep is important in memory formation. Images of random, brain puts together to make a story.
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Meditation
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Methods of relaxation through clearing one's mind and focusing on basic bodily processes like breathing.
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Superego
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Ideals, morals, conscience. Often in conflict with Id.
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Categories of Psychotropic Drugs.
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Stimulants, Depressants, and Hallucinogens.
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Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner 1904-1990)
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Learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurrence.
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Why sleep?
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Mental restoration, keep away from harm, aid immune system, helps consolidate memories.
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Cognitive Dream Perspective
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Day Residue. Dreams may be important, but no hidden meaning. They are an extension of thoughts or wishes from the day. Dreams are a product of day neurons firing at night.
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Mindfulness
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Focusing completely on the present moment.
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Modeling
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learning based on observation of the behavior of another.
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Extinction
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Process of unlearning a learned response because of the removal of the original source of learning.
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Social Learning Theory
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Must see or experience its success to become aggressive
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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Simultaneous body and emotional reaction. Conscious emotional experiences and physiological reactions and behavior are relatively independent events.
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Id
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Instinct sexual or aggressive energy. Works according to pleasure principle. Irrational, selfish.
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Memory Encoding
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When info is first learned, organizing it and getting it into the mind.
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Variable ratio schedule
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Reinforcement schedule where the reinforcer is given after a varying number of responses have been made.
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James-Lang Theory
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Behavior by emotion.
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Effective Performance is more likely if the level of arousal is suitable for the activity.
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Insomnia
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Sleep disorder in which the person has difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
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Fragile Memory
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Memories are reconstructed, not straight recall.
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Stimulus Discrimination
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Tendency for responses to occur more often in the presence of one stimulus than others.
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REM
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Rapid Eye Movement. Frequency is up, amplitude is down. Much like awake. Muscles are paralyzed.
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Stimulus Generalization
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Tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response.
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EEG activity
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Graphically record brain-wave activity through electrodes on the scalp and forehead.
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Stages 3 and 4 of sleep
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"Deep Sleep" Amplitude is up and Frequency is down.
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Partial Reinforcement Effect
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Responses that have been reinforced on variable ratio or variable interval schedules are more difficult to extinguish than responses that have been continually reinforced.
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Memory Storage
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Memories put into long term memory
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Fixed Ratio Schedule
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Reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given only after a specific number of responses.
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Achievement Motivation
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Psychological need in humans for success
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Adderall
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Stimulate Dopamine pathways. Effects: Increased heartrate, Increased wakefulness, decreased appetite.
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Retroactive Interference
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Interference created by memories from later learning.
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Classical Conditioning
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Form of learning where a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response that is identical to the unconditioned response
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Role of Retina
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Images are formed
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Approach Goals
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Motivated to work hard to get better grades to gain the respect of other students.
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Decay Theory
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The theory that forgetting occurs as memory trace fades over time.
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Primary Reinforcers
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Innate positive reinforcers that do not have to be acquired through learning.
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Negative reinforcement
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Reinforcement that occurs when the behavior is followed by the removal or the avoidance of a negative event and the probability that the behavior will occur in the future as a result.
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Procedural memories
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Memory for motor movements and skills.
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Methamphetamine
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Stimulate dopamine pathways and pathways for epinephrine and norepinephrine. Pleasurable high, wakefulness, increased physical activity, increased heart rate and respiration, decreased appetite.
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Counter conditioning
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Process of eliminating a classically conditioned response by pairing the conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus for a response that is stronger that the conditioned response and that can't occur at the same time as the conditioned response.
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Semantic Memory
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Memory for meaning without reference to the time and place of learning.
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Psychological Motives
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Motives related to the individuals happiness and well-being but not to survival.
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Proactive Interference
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Interference created by memories from prior learning.
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Cognitive Theory
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Impact of social context. Key factor in emotions.
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Stage 2 Sleep
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In between 1 and 3&4.
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Stage 1 Sleep
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Almost same as awake. Increased frequency and decreased amplitude.
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Cocktail party phenomenon
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ability to split attention between a foreground conversation and a background one, and even remember aspects of the background conversation you're not listening to.
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Vicarious Punishment
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Observed punishment of the behavior or a model which also decreased the probability of the same behavior in the observer.
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Sleep Apnea
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Sudden interruption of breathing during sleep.
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Declarative Memory
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Semantic and Episodic Memory
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Conditioned stimulus
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Stimulus that comes to elicit responses as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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Stimulus that can elicit a response without learning.
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