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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
what are the first 2 events in history (dates) related to immunology?
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430 BC the black plague
1400's China & Turkey with dried puss from small pox |
430 BC ...
1400's ... |
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COW POX
significant in history? who? year? |
1798 Edward Jenner noticed cow maids getting cow pox, afterward immune to small pox, immunized via cow puss
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edward jenner
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PASTEUR
significant in immunology? why? year? |
put weak strain of CHOLERA in chickens, get sick, but recover. learned ATTENUATED strain will immunize.
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ATTENUATED
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define IMMUNITY
safe from what? |
free, safe or protected
from: infectious microorganisms, infectious viruses, parasites, cancer and toxins |
infectious MVP, cancer & toxins
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What are the 2 function of the immune system?
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recognition and response
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R & R
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Recognition of what 2 things with immune system?
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self vs. non self
& target differentiation |
easy
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response of what 2 things with immune system?
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effector response
& Memory Response |
easy
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What are the 2 components of immunity (aka, what're the 2 immune systems?)?
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innate immune system (traits at birth; nonspecific types of immunity)
& adaptive immune system (ability to change) |
duhh.
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what're 2 anatomic innate barriers?
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Skin
Mucus Membrane more on these 2, see HINT |
skin- dermis[tight, thin, dead cells with keratin, waterproof] & epidermis
mucus - entraps microorganisms, Cilia wash away invaders & bacterial flora out-competes pathogens |
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what're physiologic barriers?
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Temperature
pH chemical factors ...more - see HINT |
temp - 25'c to 37'c
ph - ~7, then crazy in body chem - lysozyme attacks pgcan |
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what are some phagocytic barriers?
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phagocytosis
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with physiologic barriers, what're 3 chemical factors?
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1-lysozyme attack on pgcan
2-interferons - msg. sent to CLOSE DOORS of cells preventing viral entry 3- compliment - ANTIBODIES FLAG and COMPLIMENTS KILL |
communication
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what's the name for "false feet"?
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pseudopodia.
they come out, surround bacteria, compartmentalize it and eat! |
pseudo...
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What 4 things trigger Phagocytosis?
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1. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides
2. Sugars (mannose, fructose ...) 3. techoid acid (gram +) 4. n-formyl peptides |
lipooplysac
sug, teich, & N-fp ALL components broken down w hydrolytic enzymes. atp pump to phagosomes |
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how's the n-formyl peptides related to recognition & phagocytosis?
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the formyl group on the end gives it away as a bacteria
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what're the 3 functions of the inflammatory response?
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1. delivery of cells & effector molecules to site
2. physical barrier @ site 3. promotes would healing/ tissue repair |
deliver..
barrier... promotes... |
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what're the clinical signs of inflammatory response (5)?
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RED
swelling heat pain loss of fxn |
come on, no hint
needed |
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what's happening now?
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look at the picture some more
cells enter extracellular space and go to work |
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What are the 4 defenses seen with Innate Immunity? (barriers)
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1. anatomic barriers
2. physiologic barriers 3. phagocytic barriers 4. inflammation |
A
P P I |
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When inflammation occurs, what happens relative to size of the vessels?
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some vasodilate, some vasoconstrict. causing a back-up so pool can wash out, have antibodies dendritic cells in blood and decreased velocity of blood at the site
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vaso...
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when backed up and more pressure during Inflammation, some cells sneak through the walls - what's this called?
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increased vascular permeability
plasma leaks through, similar to how air leaks through a tightly pumped up tire increases phagocytes in the area |
vp
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what lines of defense does micoorganisms have?
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anatomic barrier........yes, cell wall
physiologic barrier..... no heat no pH chem factors............. yes inflammation..............no phagocytes................no |
...
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what lines of defense does plants have?
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anatomic barrier........yes
physiologic barrier.....yes inflammation..............no phagocytes................no |
...
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what lines of defense does invertebrates have?
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anatomic barrier........yes
physiologic barrier.....yes chem factors.........yes inflammation..............no phagocytes................yes (macrophage) |
...
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what lines of defense does vertebrates have?
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anatomic barrier........yes
physiologic barrier.....yes chem factors.........yes inflammation..............yes phagocytes................yes & ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY |
...
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it takes 14 days to respond to antigen primarily. what about secondary?
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more like 6 days, huge response this time
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"the process to make blood" aka ...
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hematopoiesis
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hemaglobin
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as seen in this order
site of blood cell formation |
first in yolk sak
then spleen and liver by birth migrates to bone marrow at 20 no more long bones help, only skull, ribs, vetebra & pelvis |
bones
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what stem cells have potential to become a whole organism?
what germ layers do these make? |
totipotent cells
make endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm later |
todum pole
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after totipotent cells, specilization goes to ___ , ____ & ____.
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totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and unipotent
multipotent cells. specialized for self renewal. migration to certain sites before birth. |
double check on these 4
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name a cell that can make a whole organism
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a totipotent cell
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is totipotent and pluripotent the same?
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with hematopoiesis, what are the 2 pathways for at the unipotent level?
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myeloid pathway
& lymphoid pathway |
cant self renew, can only become more specialized
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what're 4 facts about a hematopietic stem cell
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-multipotent
-self renewing by cell division - able to differentiate into other cell types (RBC & WBC) -1 stem cell per 10^ 4 bone marrow cells |
____potent
like a ball of clay uncommon |
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got it?
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to get a specific end-product cell from a progeneter cell, what 3 factors decide what will be formed?
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types of GF
amount of GF acusition of responsiveness & at what stage the GF is given |
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what 2 lineages are used, and draw the right one all the way and most of the left side. do it
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got it? draw
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Differentiation requires hematopoietic inducing microenvironment including _____ cells.
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stromal
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stromal cells are nonhematopoietic cells like FAT cells ENDOTHELIAL cells and FIBROBLASTS, what are stromal cells fxn?
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provide essential cellular matrix
& provide necessary GF - usually cell to cell contact required. nurse cells. |
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what cell type is required for differentiation, give examples.
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stromal cells.
examples of NONhematopoietic cells are fat, endothelial cells, & fibroblasts. |
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what is an example of hematopoietic a cell?
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macrophages
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the stromal cells provide 3 things
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1. essential cell matrix
2. necessary GF's 3. protection 4. elimination of Hematopoietic cells |
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what is a cytokine?
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a protein made by one cell that affects the behavior of other cells. act as messenger & effect on another cell, ie proliferation, growth
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what're the 2 types of GF's & cytokines?
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1. Soluble agents
2. membrane bound molecules |
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With Homatopoietic Homeostasis what 3 things are included to consider?
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1. it's a continual process
2. maintain steady state, new/dying, adult make ~3.7x10^11 leukocytes/day 3. flexible: responds to hemorrhage & infection, even increase 10-20 fold |
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hematopoietic homeostasis involves Steady state regulation. what is involved in this regulation?
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1. control GF production
2. produce cytokines 3. regulate receptor expression 4. programmed removal of some cells |
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what's it called when cell dies UNplanned?
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necrosis
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what are the 2 types of cell death?
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a & n
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if we have a disease, how does homeostasis w cells react?
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makes hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow to renew used cells. then the order type and amount of cytokines effects the outcome of created cells.
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blood cells made are ____ & ______
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RBC's & WBC's
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the WBC or Leukocytes made can be classfied further as _____ or ______.
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lymphocytes
or all other leukocytes |
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leukocytes --> lymphocytes --> ____ & _____.
possess attributes of ____, ___, ___ & ____. |
t cells & b cells
attributes of diversity, specificity, memory and self/non-self recognition. |
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how (3 ways) do you Identify a leukocyte?
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by morphology
by staining by CD |
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small lymphocyte
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plasma cell
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natural killer cell
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neutrophil
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eosinophil
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basophil
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dendritic cell
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mast cell
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monocyte
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macrophage
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megakaryocyte
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erythrocyte
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CD or Clusters of Differentiation. what is a method where this is utilized?
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using the ELIZA method. an antibody is a protein. antibodies recognize epitopes (~15 AA long) on another protein
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what are the properties of epitopes typically?
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hydrophilic, basic & polar
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how does ELIZA work?
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put a flouriform, green, yellow, whatever & this marker can sort the different Ab's.
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what are the CD?
what are the CD markers? |
the CD's are the antibodies
the CD markers are the surface proteins |
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how does CD work?
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because each cell has different cell surface proteins, each specific to the cell fxn, the CD can bind to the surface and different antibodies bind to these surface proteins.
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what's the word for a bump/marker ona protein?
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an epitope
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how many markers have been identified?
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over 200 makers have been identified
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Null Cells? funtion
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are NK cells
"null" b/c no B or T cell receptor. not a true lymphocyte b/c no adaptivity. ID sick cells and destroy them |
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who's go class I MHC? What's MHC stand for anyway?
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all body cells. major histocompatibility comlex.
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w/ class I MHC's, how do they work?
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they chop up proteins and displays between the 1 alpha and 2 beta parts. send signal "i am self, don't attack".
if sick, no such "dont attack", thus b/c lack of MHC's, NK's come in and destroy |
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the _ _ receptor or C_ _ _ is made with two heavy chains and 2 light chains. top of the field goal posts is region that binds antigen. each is variable at this point.
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FC receptor and CD16 is made with two heavy chains and 2 light chains. top of the field goal posts is region that binds antigen. each is variable at this point.
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the receptor is called CD16, what's the name of the field goal posts?
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Fab.
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what
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what do antibodies do anyway?
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they bind strange proteins and flag them. FC receptor on NK will come in and kill
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are b cells true lymphocytes?
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yes. first seen in birds w bursa of fabricious.
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b cells fxn?
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they synthesize and display antibodies.
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early stage of b cell?
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called naive, or virgin. can have 1.5 x 10^5 antibody molecules on one cell. all antibodies are identical on any given B cell.
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MHC's on B cells?
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yes. are Class II MHC's. the proteins are phagocytized, and displayed. sticking the head on a spear.
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what's w/ CD 40 receptor?
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these experience activation by the T cells.
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what are stages of B cells
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ready
set go |
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ready?
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immature in bone marrow.
ready when naive/virgin out of bone but having seen no antigen yet |
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set?
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see's an antigen, and goes through the activtaion process
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go?
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Th comes at "go" to help out.
at this point cell undergoes diferntiation and division. undergoes somatichypermutation. |
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what's somatichypermutation.
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1 part of genome becomes rapidly mutated. on the part of Ab that binds Ag. checking to see if there's a better binding possible.
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what else with "go"?
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ER get's big b/c protein production
some become plasma cells others become memory cells at this point they're considered active |
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t cells start out where? end up?
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in the bone marrow and end up in the thymus just above the heart
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are t cells true lymphocytes
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yes. they have adaptiveness. work via TCR (t cell receptors)
the tcr's recognize CD 4 & 8's |
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if a cd 8 is recognized what kind of T cell?
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it would be a Tc cell hooking up to a Class I
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good for Tc to recognize class II MHC's?
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all our good phagocytes would be destroyed
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the the 1st stage of T cell maturation
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naive. haven't encountered antigen. little cytoplasms. t cell receptor present.
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when does t cell become active?
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when it encounters antigens, finds specific sequence and it'll have an activated response.
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what is the activated response?
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Th1 - the cytokines get recruit macrophages & to activate other T cells
Th2 - cytokines help activate Tc cells - secrete cytokines triggering apotosis in target cells killing it |
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what's the name of Tc cell when active?
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a TCL. that's cytotoxic T lymphocyte. these guys trigger apotosis via cytokines.
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what're primary lymphoid organs?
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thymus & bone marrow
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light chain MW :
heavy chain MW: total MW: |
25K ea, total light chain 50K
heavy 50K ea, heavy 100 total total MW 150 MW. attached via disulfide bonds. |
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variable region of Ab's called?
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N terminus.
3 heavy chain domains & a light and heavy variable domain |
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how many AA's is variable domain?
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about 110 AA's long. '
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what're the 2 types of light chain domains?
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only subtle differences. we have kappa (k) and lambda (a).
somk k, some a. only 1 kind per Ab |
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subtypes for light chain?
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yes, light chain lambda (a) has a1,a2,a3 and a4
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subtypes for heavy chain?
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yes. 5. mu, gamma, alpha, delta and epsilon.
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isotype
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the name for whatever heavy chain subtype an Ab receives.
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mu?
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IgM. Ab on B cells (virgin)
can be secreted seen in pentomers |
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gamma?
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main Ab in the blood. binds best to Ab's in blood.
bind best to Fc receptors of phagocytic cells. triggers opsinozation (later phago) |
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alpha?
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IgA. mainly in GI tract as dimer. J chain holds them together w/ disulfide bond.
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delta?
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IgD. not too much known
made at the same time as IgM's. |
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epsilon?
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IgE - mostly with allergic reactions.
peanuts could make you anaphalxis. |
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Ig?
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any globulin with the immune response
ie - light chain - heavy chain - characteristic domain - anything in the Superfamily |
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characteristic domain, what's the framework/structure and binding? (active part of Ab)
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2 beta sheets on eachother w/ diSulfide bonds. it has 110 AA's w/ highly cysteins.
it's 2 antiparallel beta sheets mirring eachother. the "fold" makes sandwhich |
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remember hydrophilic/hydrophobic?
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yes, hydrophilic outside and hydrophilic inside, this has to do with protein folding.
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with Ab, how are the beta sheets held together?
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the adjacent pleats of B sheet held together via H bonds
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IgA has a hinge region w/ what?
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2 disulfide bonds. puts kink in chain. arms very flexible.
with hapten, can combo to join 2 ringed dinitrophenols or make's 3 triangle, 4 a square. |
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who's unflexible?
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ME. b/c no hinge region
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what determines if an Ab is secreted or membrane bound?
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the C terminus. if hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
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what's one effector function of Ab?
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to bind Ag's and mark it as foreign
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what's another fxn of effector ?
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opsonization. this promotes phagocytosis - says, "this thing is foreign"
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what's other fxn's of effectors?
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compliment activation. IgM very good b/c pentomer. RBC w/ holes b/c MAC (membrane attack complex)
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what's other fxn of effector?
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ADCC (antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity) a self cell making strange proteins. Ab can stick, which is shouldn't, so NK gets msg. & cytokines signal apotosis.
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how's that ADCC go down? (binding)
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the Fc receptor of the NK cell
comes and binds Ab and sends cytokines |
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what's another fxn of effector?
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transcytosis. like IgA going into GI tract or into mothers milk (giving passive/temporary immunity)
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what receptor allows for transcytosis?
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the poly Ig receptor. IgA and IgM.
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what're all the 4 fxn's of effectors?
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opsonization, complement activation, ADCC, and transcytosis.
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who mediates these 4 effector fxn's?
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the C chain region
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lets talke IgG. G is big chain and cappa or lambda is light chain 4 sublcasses
1,2,3 & 4. what about these sublcasses? |
igG 1,3,4 all cross placenta easy
igG 3 most effective gett'n complement igG 3&1 have high affinity for Fc and ultimately opsonization IgG 2 ... yeah not really sure. |
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IgD?
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not sure, but on virgins w/ M. something with opsoniation, but really
not much known |
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IgE
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allergic rxn's. only have problems when bound to 2 Ab's.
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what causes throat to close up?
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called anaphalaxis - or anaphalatic shock.
because of basophils and mast cells. pollen and dander look like parasites. |
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Prausnitz and kustner?
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PK! up wit it.
it's the reaction used in making an allergic test |
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IgA?
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most secretions of all in GI tract or breast milk. seen as monomer in blood, but dimer/tetramer in lumen's.
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again, how's IgA get into lumen?
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the poly Ig receptor.
mast cells secrete dimeric IgA that bind to exit, lots of pepsin in gut so protected form protyolytic cleavage. |
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what good does IgA do?
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binds virus' preventing them binding to body cells. also effective at aggultination.
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IgM?
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extremely effective at agglutination.
good at complement activation too. Fc receptors are in the middle, and bends to expose Fc's when bound call Pentameric Staple form. |
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Ab's extremely immunogenic. what are 3 immunogenic types?
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isotypic determinants,
allotypic determinants, idiotypic determinants. |
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isotypic determinants
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isotypes refer to what "type" that is is it M,G, A or E? what's the heavy part/domain. that's the isotype, the C region.
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allotypic determinants
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helps determine if we get allele form mom or dad. in C region
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idiotypic determinants
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Ab binding region. we can make Ag's that bind specifically to Ab's. the V region of Ab. the B cell can change class, but never the idiotype - always binds same epitope
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what's on the b cell receptor (naive)?
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IgM or IgD (MD).
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IgM/D send msg to activate w/ help of another associated protein, what?
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it's the IgBeta & IgAlpha. work with Ab but have a conformational chainge effecting a long tain inside the cell.
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what's the name of the Ig a/b long tail?
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ITAM. a conserved tyrosine residue. it get's protein kinases inside and changes cell to a plasma cell
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why monoclonal? how helpful with research/
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take a plasma b cell and mix w/ cancerous cell (myelom) mix w/ PEG to fuse membranes together and you get a hybridoma. no immortal B cell.
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what're myeloma?
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cancer b cells.
makes monoclonal Ab's when a hybridoma. |
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abzymes?
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stabilize transition state.
adopts new conformation. found monoclonals can work as enzymes. |
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what're the 2 primary lymphoid organs?
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the thymus and bone marrow
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if dissecting look for what for thymus?
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a bilobed organ sitting right above the heart. T cells tested here to learn good cells vs. bad
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name immature T cells
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thymocytes
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selection process in thymus?
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yes. more thymocytes in cortex than medulla. over 95% never leave thymus. they can't recognize MHC's, so they're done.
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who does testing?
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nurse cells aka stromal cells.
also dendritic cells do the presenting and if recognizes it incorrectly ... apotosis. |
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indogenously made MHC's get T cell response of what?
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CD8 and Tc.
CD4's and Th. only given GF if recognizing correctly |
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all hematopoiesis begins here
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bone marrow
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B cells go through testing too?
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yes. a negative selection process. shown epitopes of human body and if they bind, they're given GF's to kill them
90% die early |
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basics of lymph system?
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fluid leaks from capillaries and picks up Ag's and drains to capillaries of lymph sys. and goes to lymph nodes
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plasma?
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same as lypmh, location differs, just the name for liquid portion of blood
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plasma cells go where in lymph node?
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to the medulla to secrete Ab's
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what're secondary lymphoid organs?
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the 1' follicle, 2'follicle and germinal center.
lymph node and spleen are most highly organized of 2' lymphoid organs. |
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follicles in lymph node?
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yes. 1' follicle is in "set" mode. meets T cell.
2' follicle is more organized B cells, massive proliferation & germinating center of B cells mainly |
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how do Ab's get from lymph node to body?
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via the lymphatic vessel. it mixes with blood soon thereafter
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lymph node paracortex?
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thymus dependent area - b/c so full of T cells.
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lymph node medulla?
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active plasma cells (mature B's) secreting Ab's
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primary follicle again?
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comprises of network of dendritic cells and small resting B cells.
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secondary follicle?
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after antigenic challenge - ring of concentrically packed B lymphocytes around a germinal center . this center is location of proliferating B cells. some T h's and macrophages and dendritic cells
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what's collected in spleen?
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Ag's from blood in whole body. also traps old cells for recycling.
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pulp in spleen
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yes - red pulp RBC's broken down white pulp where WBC's broken down
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white pulp .. more here?
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yes. PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath) t cells mostly. seen around arteries.
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what's MALT stand for?
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mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
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where MALT found/made of?
example? |
it's always present undefined or encapsulated,
made of lymphoid cells ie. the tonsils. also in intestines |
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M cells?
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carry out version of endocytosis. binds Ag in lumen and rleases Ag into cavity full of B cells and phagocytes
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what happens when Ag brought in by M cell?
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brought to B cells that activate and comes into payers patch where 1' follicles secrete IgA.
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who tricks M cells?
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salmonella.
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tertiary immunity?
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the kind that increases when needed
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Tc's only respond to ...
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viral attacks
whereas Th's can, but not only |
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define: antigenicity
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ability for Ag to bind Ab
or t cell receptor recognition by Ab |
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define: immunogenicity
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eliciting response, humoral or cell mediated
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immunogen, define:
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subsection of Ag. ie. t cell can bind protein, polysaccharide, NA or lipids
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most unique to bind of immunogens?
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the AA's, b/c 20 of them. few polysacc's (starch, cellulose, kitin) 4 NA's, and less lipids
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usually only binds NA's and lipids when whaat?
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when NA's or lipids are bound to anotehr moleucle making it a hapten molecule
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factors that influence immunogenicity?
(eliciting response) seth got 5 red plump apples |
foreigness, molecular size, chemical composition, presentation, recipient genotype, adjuvants
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immunogenicity - seth
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size: larger gets more of a response. (over 100K) agglutination gets small's to be recognized. haptens help id
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immunogenicity - got
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genotype of recipient: MHC's not fine specific. have piece of peptide presented. some proteins not recognized
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immunogenicity: five
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foreignness: "nonresponsiveness" from self proteins. immune response to unsimilar species
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immunogenicity: red
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Route: w/MALT Ag's brought in. Don't want immunize orally for s.t. in lymph system. dosage size too.
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immunogenicity: apples
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adjuvants: injected with Ag to enhance immunogenicity. prolong Ag presistance etc.
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what 4 things do apples do? (adjuvants)
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1.prolong Ag persistance
2.enhance costilulatory factors 3. increase local inflammation 4.stimulate nonspecific lymphocytes. |
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what helps to 1. prolong Ag persistance?
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Alum. put in "lollipop form". longer to dissolve, don't precipitate so fast. like oil emulsions, trap inside.
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how's 2. enhance costilulatory factors done?
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heat kill bacteria (PG can & polysacc's) injected gets cell response
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why 3. inflammation significant with apples (adjuvants)?
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inflammation signals for neutrophils, b cells, macrophages. increases Ag getting picked up
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s g f r p a's anything else?
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chem composition & heterogeneity: repetitions have no distinctive features, but glu gal mann does. T cells only recognize chopped up.
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our proteins made up of what distinction, which limits our enzymes?
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we're made of L proteins so we have no such proteases to break down L proteins.
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what's the name of the region on the Ab that binds the eptiope?
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the CDR
the Compimentary determining region. |
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what kind/ strength of charge b/w CDR and epitope?
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weak, ionic hydrophilic interactions with complementary shape/size and charge. 75-100 H bonds too
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what happens with multiple epitopes?
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they'll compete with one another
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how many domains for Ab?
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110 per domain
m and e have 4 C domains and 1 disulfide bond. others have hings and 2 disulfide bonds |
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what's seen at N terminus?
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variable region, tip of 3 light and 3 heavy chains. this is the CDR. also called the idiotype.
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