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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
An accumulation of fluid and albumin in the peritoneal cavity.
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Ascites
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Is a hand-flapping tremor in which the patient stretches out an arm and hyperextends the wrist with the fingers separted, relaxex, and extended.
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Asterixis
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A complex of longitudinal, tortuous veins at the lower end of the esophagus.
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Esophageal varices
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Excess formation of gases in the stomach or intestine.
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Flatulence
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Is a type of brain damage caused by liver disease and consequent ammonia intoxication.
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Hepatic encepalopathy
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Is an inflammation of the liver resulting from several types of viral agents or exposure to toxic substances
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Hepatitis
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Yellow discolaration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes, caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood.
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Jaundice
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An obstruction of closing off in a canal, vessel, or passage of the body.
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Occlusion
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A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from the abdominal cavity.
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Paracentesis
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Tissue of an organ as distinguished from supporting or connective tissue.
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Parenchyma
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Dilated superficial arterioles.
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Spider telangiectases
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Excessive fat in the feces.
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Steatorrhea
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Nursing interventions for Cholecystography
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-Make certain that patient is not allergic to iodine.
-Administer 6 iopanoic acid (e.g., Telepaque, Priodax, Oragrafin) tablets orally, one q 5 mins. -Patient on NPO status from midnight. -Patient may be given a high-fat meal or beverage to stimulate emptying of the gallbladder after the test has begun. |
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Nursing interventions for CT Scan of the abdomen
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-Fluids & food are witheld from midnight until examination is complete.
-Show the patient picture of the machine & encourage the patient to verbalize fears. |
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Nursing interventions for Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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-Food & fluids are witheld for 8 hours before examination.
-Patient's signature on a consent form obtained. -Tell patients that test takes approximately 1-2 hours. -Patient must lie completely motionless on hard x-ray table. -Keep patient NPO until gag reflex returns. -Assess for abdominal pain, tenderness, and guarding. -Assess for s/s of pancreatitis (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diminished or absent bowel sounds). |
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Nursing interventions for Gallbladder scanning.
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-Assure the patient that exposure to radioactivity is minimal because only a trace dose of the radiosotope is used.
-Patient is NPO from midnight until examination is complete. |
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Nursing interventions for Hepatitis virus studies.
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-Use standard precautions.
-Don gloves when handling any blood or body fluids. -Wash hands after handling all equipment. |
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Nursing interventions for Liver biopsy.
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Before the procedure:
-Explain procedure and obtain patient's signature on a consent form. -Ensures that platelet, clotting, or bleeding time, and prothrombin time and International Normalized Ratio (INR) have been ordered and any abnormal values are reported to the physician. After the procedure: -Observe patient for symptoms of bleeding. -V/S are monitored q 15 mins (two times), then q 30 mins (four times), and then every hour (four times). -Assessed for pneumothorax (collapsed lung). -Keep patient lying on the right side for minimun of 2 hrs to splint the puncture site. |
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Nursing interventions for Liver enzyme test.
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Nurse should assess the venipuncture site for bleeding.
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Nursing interventions for Radioisotope liver scanning.
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-Patient should be NPO from midnight.
-Assure patients that they will not be exposed to a large amount of radioactivity, because only trace doses of isotopes are used. |
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Nursing interventions for Serum ammonia.
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Nurse should list on the laboratory requisition any antibiotics the patient is currently taking.
Some antibiotics can caused decreased ammonia level. |
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Nursing interventions for Serum amylase test.
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Nurse should note on the lab requisition whether the patient is receiving IV dextrose of any medications, because these can cuase a false-negative result.
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Nursing interventions for Serum bilirubin test
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-Keep the patient on NPO status until after the blood speicemn is drawn.
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Nursing interventions for Serum lipase test.
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Instruct patient to remain NPO after midnight except for water.
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Nursing interventions for Serum protein test.
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Nurse should assess the venipuncture site for bleeding.
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Nursing interventions for T-tube cholangiography.
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-Nurse should protect the patient from sepsis by connecting the T-tube (if left in place) to a sterile closed-drainage system.
-If the tube is removed, the T-tube tract site should be kept covered with a sterile dressin to prevent bacteria from entering the ductal system. -Ensure patient is not allergic to iodine. -Patient is on NPO after midnight and until the examination is completed. -Administer a cleansing enema on the morning of the examination, if ordered. |
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Nursing interventions for Ultrasonography (echogram).
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-Patient is on NPO from midnight.
-If the patient has had recent barium contrast studies, the nurse should request for cathartics. Ultrasound cannot penetrate barium. |
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Nursing interventions for Ultrasonography of pancreas.
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-Fluids and foods are withheld for 8 hrs before the examination, but fasting is not mandatory.
-The study is postponed if the patient's abdomen is distended with gas or if the patient has had a recent barium examination. |
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Nursing interventions for Urine amylase test.
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-Nurse should record the exact times of the beginning and end of the collection period.
-Collection begins after the patient empties the bladder and discards that specimen. -All subsequent urine is collected, including the voiding at the end of collection period. -Specimen should be kept on ice or refrigerated until it is sent to the lab. |
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Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis
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-General malaise
-Aching muscles -Photophobia -Headaches -Chills -Abdominal pain -Dyspepsia -Nausea -Diarrhea/constipation -Pruritus -Hepatomegaly -Enlarged lymph nodes -Weight loss -Jaundice (Appears because of the damages liver's inability to metabolize bilirubin. -Dark amber urine -Clay-colored stools |
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Mode of trasmission for Hepatitis A
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-Oral-fecal transmission
-Most common |
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Mode of trasmission for Hepatitis B
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Transmission by:
-Contaminated serum -Blood transfusion -Contaminated needles -Dialysis -Direct contact with infected body fluids |
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Mode of trasmission for Hepatitis C
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-Transmitted through contaminated needles and blood transfusions.
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Mode of transmission for Hepatitis D
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-Co-infection with hepatitis B
-Transmitted same way as Hepatitis B -Transmission by contaminated serum; blood transfusion, contaminated needles, dialysis, or direct contact with infected body fluids |
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Mode of transmission for Hepatits E
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-Fecal contamination of water
-Rare in the U.S.; usually in developing countries |
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Mode of transmission for Hepatitis G
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-Co-infection with Hepatitis C
-Transmission by contaminated injectable drugs, contaminated blood organs or tissues are received, hemodialysis, unsafe methods of tattoing or body piercing |
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Identify three causes of Hepatitis
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Caused by bacteria, such as:
-Streptococci -Salmonellae -E. coli |
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Discuss the basic shared pathophysiology of the six forms of hepatitis.
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-A diffuse inflammatory reaction occurs.
-Liver cells begin to degenerate and die. -As the liver cells degenerate, the normal functions of the liver slow down. |