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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
respiration
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exchange of gases between an organism and its environment;
O2 taken up, CO2 excreted |
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ventilation
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active movement of air or water over respiratory surface
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missing link between sea and land animals
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Tiktaalik rosae
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why gas exchange in air is better than water
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no need to maintain moisture
air contains higher concentration of molecular O2 O2 diffuses more rapidly through air than water less energy needed to move air over gas exchange surface |
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external/internal respiration
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external: exchange of gases across lung tissue
internal: moving O2 out of blood and into tissue cells & moving CO2 from tissues into blood |
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respiratory system
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lungs and airways, located in pleural cavity, covered with pleural membrane
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path of air
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nostrils, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
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turbinates
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bony projections in the nose covered with epithelial tissue which tumble the air, catching dust and bacteria in mucus
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3 sections of pharynx
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nasopharynx (above soft palate)
oropharynx (from end of soft palate to epiglottis) larygnopharynx (from epiglottis to esophageal opening) |
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nasopharynx
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only air, continuous with nasal cavity, lined with pseudostratified columnar, houses adenoids (nonspecific immune defense), pharyngotympanic tube connects to the middle ear
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oropharynx
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food and air, tonsils located here, lined with stratified squamous
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laryngopharynx
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food and air, stratified squamous epithelium
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larynx
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adam's apple, contains vocal cords, formed by cartilage, hole is glottis covered by epiglottis
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trachea
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transports air to lungs, formed by cartilage rings, lined with mucus secreting ciliated pseudostratified epithelial, thymus and thyroid glands along surface
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bronchi
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trachea branches into cartilage-containing bronchi within lung, which branches into bronchioles (no cartilage), which branch into alveoli
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alveoli
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lined with simple squamous epithelial (gas exchange), surrounded by network of capillaries
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breathing
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not respiration
pressure inversely proportional to volume |
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volumes of concern
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thoracic cavity, pleural space, within lung
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pressures of concern
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atmospheric (760 mm Hg), thoracic cavity, within the lung
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inspiration
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period when air flows into lungs
intercostal muscles contract, diaphragm descends, rib cage rises TC V increases and lungs stretch pressure drops higher pressure outside -> air moves into lungs active process because muscles are contracted |
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expiration
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period when gases exit the lungs
muscles relax, diaphragm rises, rib cage descends TC & pulmonary cavity V decreases pressure in lungs rises above atmospheric air (gases) flow out of lungs passive process different during exercise |
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air pollutants
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substances in atmosphere with harmful effects
major sources: power plants, industrial processes, transportation (fossil fuels) inhaling polluted air results in bronchial constriction, damage to ciliated cells, coughing, increased mucus secretion |
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chronic effects of air pollution
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very common in urban areas
bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, asthma, cancer chronic CO reduces capacity of blood to carry O2 and can cause heart disease |
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carcinogenic effects of air pollution
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soot, diesel exhaust, heavy-metal and organic pollutants in air
even trace amounts |
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most susceptible to air pollution
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children, elderly, asthmatics, people with chronic pulmonary/heart disease
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tidal volume
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amount of air moving in and out of lungs while breathing normally (~.5L)
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inspiratory reserve volume
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inspiring > tidally (~3.1L)
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expiratory reserve volume
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exhaling > tidally (~1.2L)
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vital capacity
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amount of air that can be exchanged in one breath (app 4.8L)
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residual volume
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air remaining in alveoli/tubes after exhaling everything (app. 1.2L)
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total lung capacity
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VC + RV (app 6L)
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hemoglobin
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respiratory pigment found in blood
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myoglobin
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respiratory pigment found in muscle
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hemoglobin and O2 transport
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O2 transported as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2): oxygen bound to hemoglobin
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oxygen-carrying capacity
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max amoutn of O2 that can be transported by hemoglobin
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oxygen content
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actual amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin
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percent oxygen saturation
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ratio of O2 content to capacity
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Bohr effect
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chemical bond between blood and hemoglobin is weak
dissociates more readily as pH decreases & CO2 increases |
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CO2 transport
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7-10% of CO2 in plasma - slow rxn
CO2 in RBC - fast rxn - carbonic anhydrase CO2 combines with water and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) hydrogen ion to hemoglobin, forms bicarbonate (HCO3-) Cl ion shifts into cell (all happens in reverse when CO2 leaves blood and diffuses into lungs) |
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respiratory acidosis
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decrease in pH in blood, no dissociation, O2 isn't going to cells
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