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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Features of Western Science |
- Theory is always open to falsification - falsification is the universal method - Collective activity; means of acquiring knowledge - Communicated through language - Rules and maps - Replication |
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Health Science |
Disciplines focused on health, illness and disease Application of knowledge to improve health, illness and disease Ex: epidemiology, immunology, medicine, nursing, biostatistics, toxicology, health psychology, environmental health |
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Traditional Knowledge vs. Scientific Knowledge |
Traditional Knowledge - Assumes to be the truth Sacred and interconnected Teaching through story telling Learning by doing and experiencing Oral and visual Integrated, based on the whole system Intuitive Hollistic Subjective (based on personal experience/belief) Based on experience Scientific Knowledge Assumes to be a best approximation Secular (non-religious) and segregated Formal teach (learing by formal education) Written Analytical, based on parts of a whole Model, theory based Reductionist (reduces complex systems to simpler systems Objective Based on facts |
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Definitions of health |
a) Normality- illness = deviation from the norm b) Balance/ homeostasis- idea that body will heal itself/ maintain equilibrium c) Function- being able to do things, adapt to the environment, fitness d) WHO definition"health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing andnot merely the absence of disease or infirmity " c) Ottawa charterdefinition: " a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living.Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as wella physical capacities" |
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Sick Role |
Set of behavioural expectations about how a sick person is to behave built into our social system Sickness is social People learn from culture how to behave in response to health and illness |
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Sick Role- Rights |
1) You are exempt from responsibility or illness 2) You are temporarily exempt from regular role responsibilities |
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Sick Role- Duties |
1) You have a duty to try and get well and resume responsibilities 2) You need to seek technically competent help and cooperate in the process of getting well |
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Illness Behaviour (Mechanic) |
wayin which symptoms are differential perceived evaluated and acted upon (or not)by dif people in dif social situations |
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Illness Behaviour (Blaxter) |
activityundertaken by a person who is ill in order to define the illness and seek asolution- perception of symptoms and the decision to seek help |
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Why do health illness and disease change? |
1) Scientific knowledge changes 2) Diseases change 3) The distribution of disease in a population changes 4) New idea about health are built of existing ideas 5) Culture and societies change and cultures and societies influence health illness and disease 6) 6) Moral frameworks are imposed on health illness and disease |
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Epidemiological Transition |
1)The age ofpestilence and famine 2) The Age of RecedingPandemics 3) The Age ofDegenerative and Man Made diseases |
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TheBiomedical Model |
1) Doctrine of Specific Etiology- each disease has its own cause (ignores social aspects) 2) Physical Reductionism -in order to understand- reduce it to its parts (individualizes illness to the microscope- doesn’t look at social determinants) 3) Generic Disease - each disease has its own identifier (diseases are differently defined across cultures) 4) Ill health as a deviation from normal health equal equilibrium 5) Scientific neutrality - scientists are objective- humans are just chemicals/biological reactions (cannot be completely objective) 6) Mechanistic/Machine metaphor - human body viewed as a biological machine (not viewed this way across cultures, socially constructed metaphor) 7) Individualistic- Regimen and Control - victim blaming, personal responsibility (does not recognize social environment) 8) Mind-Body Dualism- minds are separated from the body |
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Pellagra (4 d's) |
Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death |
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Pellagra Preventative Factor (PPF) |
Vitamin B3 (niacin) |
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Public Health- 4 elements |
1) Decision making based on data and evidence (vital statistics, surveillance, outbreak investigations and laboratory science) 2) Focus on populations vs. individuals 3) Goal of social justice and equity 4) Emphasis on prevention vs. cure |
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Public Health vs.Clinical Medicine |
1) Populations vs. individuals 2) Health vs. disease (in addition to ) Prevention 3) Health promotion vs. diagnosis and treatment |
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Responsibilitiesof a public health system |
1) Health emergencies 2) Chronic disease and injury prevention 3) Health promotion |
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Goalsof population health approach |
1) Maintain and improve the health status of the entire population 2) Reduce inequities in health status between population groups |
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Core Disciplines inPublic Health |
1)Biostatistics 2) Epidemiology 3) Health policy and management 4) Environmental health sciences 5) Social and behavioural science |
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Lalonde Report |
Emphasis on lifestyle and personal responsibility "self imposed risks" "individual blame" |
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Health Promotion Directorate |
First Structure devoted to health promotion in the world Critiques: victim blaming, health inequalities are not being Emphasis on lifestyle and personal responsibility "self imposed risks" "individual blame" or fixed |
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Health Promotion |
"Aprocess of enabling people to increase controlover and to improve their ownhealth… a mediating strategy between people and their environments, combining personal choice with social responsibility for health" |
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Ottawa charter for health promotion (prerequisites) |
Perquisites for health: peace, shelter, education, food income stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, equity |
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Strategies for health promotion |
1) build healthy public policy 2) create supportive environments 3) Strengthen community action 4) develop personal skills 5) Reorient health system |
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Population Health |
Broad approach to understanding the fundamental determinants of human health, especially the interaction of physical and social environments with genetic predispositions over the life course at both the individual and community levels in whole societies |
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Current Framework of the determinants of health in Canada |
1) socio economic environment 2) physical environment 3) healthy child development 4) personal health practices 5) individual capacity and coping skills 6) biology and genetic endowment 7) health services |
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Health equity perspective |
putting inequities right is a matter of social justice. reducing inequities is an ethical imperative 2 goals: improve average health of countries, abolish avoidable health inequalities within countries Ultimate aim: bring the health of those worse off up to the level of the best |
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What is harm reduction? |
Harm reduction aims to minimise death, disease andinjury from high risk behaviour by promoting safer practices |
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When you regulateillegal drugs you are able to control the |
Age Degree intoxication Volume rationing limit Proof of dependence Registration Limit locations of uses Testing prior to use |