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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The science and technology of culturing, utilizing, and improving forest trees and their products |
Forestry |
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The science and technology of culturing, utilizing, and improving field crops |
Agronomy |
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The science, technology, and art of culturing, utilizing and improving fruit, vegetables, flowering and ornamental plants |
Horticulture |
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Vegetable culture and production |
Olericulture |
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Fruit and nut culture and production |
Pomology |
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Plants grown for aesthetic uses, improvement of quality of life and our environment, and functional uses |
Ornamental horticulture |
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Flowering and foliage plant culture and production |
Floriculture |
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Floral design and retail floristry operation |
Floristry |
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Tree, shrub, and vine culture and production |
Nursery Production |
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Exterior and interior design, construction and maintenance of landscapes |
Landscape Horticulture |
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Grasses for lawns, sport facilities, landscapes and golf courses |
Turf |
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The science and technology of growing and raising plants and animals |
Agriculture |
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Single layer of cells on primary (herbaceous) plant parts |
Epidermis |
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Corky tissue that replaces epidermis on secondary (woody) plant parts |
Periderm or bark |
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Conducts water and nutrients up roots, stems, and leaves |
Xylem |
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Conducts water, sugar, hormones, etc. down and up roots, stem, and leaves |
Phloem |
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Outer region of stem and roots |
Cortex |
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Pith |
Center of stems |
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Middle of leaves and flower petals |
Mesophyll |
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An isodiametric cell with a thin, non-lignified, primary cell wall used as filler, storage, protection, and photosynthesis |
Parenchyma |
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A cell that is longer than it is wide and has an unevenly thickened, non-lignified primary cell wall used for support in growing tissues |
Collenchyma |
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A cell that has an evenly thickened, lignified, secondary cell wall that is dead at maturity and is used as support in mature tissue |
Sclerenchyma |
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Long, slender sclerenchyma cell that is pointed on the ends |
Fiber |
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Multi-shaped or columnar sclerenchyma cells |
Sclereid or Stone cell |
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A polymer or chain of sugars |
Polysaccharide |
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Forms a matrix of microfibrils |
Cellulose |
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Filler between cellulose microfibrils |
Hemicellulose |
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Cementing agent or filler; high in middle lamella and fruit |
Pectin |
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Tough polymer of phenolic compounds, high in secondary cell wall |
Lignin |
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Mainly structural |
Protein |
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The membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm; composed of a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins; it is selectively permeable and regulates absorption into cells and leakage from cells |
Plasmalemma or Plasma Membrane |
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Cytosol plus organelles; most metabolism occurs in the cytosol or the organelles |
Cytoplasm |
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Fluid portion of the cytoplasm; a solution of dissolved/suspended compounds |
Cytosol |
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Specialized structures in cytoplasm, each with specific functions |
Organelles |
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Location of DNA and some of the RNA |
Nucleus |
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Strands or coils of DNA |
Chromosome |
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Spherical, dense body inside nucleus; site of protein synthesis |
Nucleolus |
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Major site of respiration; called the "power house" of the cell |
Mitochondrion |
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Double membrane-bound bodies for storage and photosynthesis |
Plastid |
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Colorless plastid |
Leucoplast |
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Leucoplast for starch storage |
Amyloplast |
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Leucoplast for fat and oil storage |
Elaioplast |
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Colored plastids for storage of carotenoids |
Chromoplasts |
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Green plastids that contain chlorophyll |
Chloroplasts |
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Tubular membranes for communication across the cytoplasm; site of protein and membrane synthesis |
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Dense sphere of RNA; protein synthesis occurs on their surface |
Ribosome |
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Stores organic acids, salts, anthocyanins, metabolic wastes, enzymes and metabolites |
Vacuole |
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Membrane that surrounds the vacuole |
Tonoplast |
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Disk-shaped membranes for membrane and polysaccharide synthesis |
Golgi body or dictyosome |
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Membrane-bound storage bodies with various functions |
Microbody |
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Tubular rods used in mitosis and cellulose orientation in cell walls |
Microtubule |
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A double helix chain of sugar-phosphates connected by nucleic acids |
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid |
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a single stranded chain of sugar-phosphates connecting nucleic acids |
RNA ribonucleic acid |
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Base pairings of nucleic acids in DNA |
T-A C-G |
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Base pairings of nucleic acids in RNA |
U-A C-G |
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A length of DNA that codes for the production of a specific protein or protein subunit and active RNAs |
Gene |
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A polymer or chain of amino acids |
Protein |
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A protein that acts as a metabolic catalyst |
Enzyme |
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Discrete regions or groups of cells that posses continued cell division for the life of the plant or that organ |
Meristem |
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Growth in length that gives rise to primary tissues called the primary plant body |
Primary Growth |
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The growing points located at the tips of stems and roots |
Apical Meristem or Apex |
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The growth region at the base of grass leaves that causes leaves to elongate |
Intercalary Meristem |
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Growth in width or diameter that gives rise to secondary tissues called the secondary plant body |
Secondary Growth |
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Meristematic regions along the sides of stems and roots |
Lateral Meristem |
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A sheet-like meristem between the bark and wood along the sides of woody stems and roots; gives rise to secondary xylem on the inside and secondary phloem on the outside |
Vascular cambium or cambuim |
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Secondary xylem |
wood |
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Gives rise to periderm |
Cork cambium or Phellogen |
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1 cotyledon |
Monocot |
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Flower parts in multiples of 3 |
Monocot |
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Linear leaf, parallel venation |
Monocot |
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Scattered vascular bundles in the stem |
Monocot |
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Only primary growth |
Monocot |
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2 cotyledons |
Dicots |
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Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 |
Dicots |
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Broad leaves with net venation |
Dicots |
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Rings of vascular bundles in primary growth |
Dicots and Gymnosperms |
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Primary and secondary growth |
Dicots and Gymnosperms |
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1 to many cotyledons |
Gymnosperms |
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No true flowers |
Gymnosperms |
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needle-like or scale-like leaves |
Gymnosperms |
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An underdeveloped and unelongated stem composed of a short axis with compressed internodes, a meristematic apex, and primordial leaves and/or flowers |
Bud |
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A bud at the tip of a stem responsible for terminal growth |
Terminal bud |
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Buds along side the axis of a stem; they were produced by the terminal bud during growth; once they grow out and form a lateral stem they become terminal buds of the lateral branch |
Axillary bud or Lateral bud |
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a bud containing a floral meristem which develops into flowers; usually larger than vegetative buds |
flower buds |
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a scar marking the former point of attachment of a leaf or petiole to the stem |
leaf scar |
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the part of the stem between nodes |
internode |
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part of stem marking the point of attachment of leaves, flowers, fruits, buds, and other stems |
node |
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rough areas on stems composed of loosely packed cells extending from the cortex through the ruptured epidermis; serve as "breathing pores" for gas exchange. only occur on young stems |
lenticel |
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bud scale scars from the last terminal bud; they denote flushes of growth. can be used to age stems because one is typically produced per year |
growth ring |
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the terminal point of the leaf |
tip |
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the flattened green expanded portion of a leaf |
blade or lamina |
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edge of a leaf |
margin |
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the most prominent central vein of the leaf |
midrib |
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secondary veins in a leaf |
lateral veins |
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the leaf stalk |
petiole |
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leaf-like appendages at the base of the petiole of some leaves |
stipules |
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feather-like net venation with lateral veins extending from a central midrib |
pinnate venation |
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finger-like net venation with several major veins diverging from the union of the petiole and the leaf blade |
palmate venation |
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principal veins parallel to the axis of the leaf |
parallel venation |
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leaflets arising from along both sides of the rachis |
pinnately compound leaf |
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leaflets all arising from the same location at the top of the petiole |
palmately compound leaf |
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an open aperture in the epidermis surrounded by two guard cells |
stoma |
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cells surrounding stomatal pore causing it to open with turgid and close when flaccid |
guard cell |
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mesophyll specialized for photosynthesis, contains a large number of chloroplasts, located on the top of dicot leaves |
palisade parenchyma |
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mesophyll specialized for gas exchange |
spongy parenchyma |
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the reproductive organ of higher plants which contain at least one pistil and/or one stamen |
flower |
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contains all floral parts |
complete |
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lacks one of more floral parts |
incomplete |
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contains pistil and stamen |
perfect |
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contains either pistil or stamen |
imperfect |
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contains only pistil |
pistillate |
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contains only stamen |
staminate |
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both stamen and pistil are absent or non-functional |
sterile |
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both staminate and pistillate flowers occur on the same plant |
monoecious |
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staminate and pistillate flowers occur on separate plants |
dioecous |
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a ripened or matured ovary and its contents plan any accessory tissue |
fruit |
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fruit wall which developed from the ovary wall |
pericarp |
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outer layer of pericarp |
exocarp |
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middle layer of pericarp |
mesocarp |
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inner layer of pericarp |
endocarp |
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a ripened or mature ovule consisting of an embryo with associated stored food and covered by a testa |
seed |
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protective, outermost layer of seed, commonly called seed coat |
testa |
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CO2 and H2O are used to produce sugar and oxygen in the presence of light and chlorophyll |
photosynthesis |
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green plastid in which photosynthesis occurs |
chloroplast |
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green plant pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis |
chlorophyll |
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flattened, sac-like membranes inside a chloroplast that contain the chlorophyll |
thylakoids |
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stacks of thylakoids |
granum |
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tubular membranes that connect the grana |
stroma lamella |
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fluid matrix of the chloroplast |
stroma |
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reaction that uses water and light energy to evolve oxygen |
light reaction |
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reaction that uses carbon dioxide to produce sugar |
dark reaction |
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the wavelength or color of light |
quality |
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the intensity or amount of light |
quantity |
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best light for growing plants outdoors in a greenhouse |
HID |
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best single light for growing plants indoors |
fluorescent |
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light intensity for prime rate of photosynthesis |
1200 to 2000 foot-candles |
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carbon dioxide for prime rate of photosynthesis |
500 to 1000 ppm |
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light reaction input |
h2o |
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dark reaction input |
co2 |
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light reaction output |
o2 |
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dark reaction output |
sugar |
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where light reaction occurs |
grana |
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where dark reaction occurs |
stroma |
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inputs for glycolysis |
sugar |
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outputs for glycolysis |
metabolic energy |
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outputs for anaerobic fermentation |
co2, metabolic energy, ethanol |
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outputs for Krebs cycle |
co2, metabolic energy |
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outputs for cytochrome system |
h2o, metabolic energy |
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inputs for cytochrome system |
o2 |
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controlled atmosphere storage, plus low pressure |
hypobaric storage |
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chamber with increased co2, low o2, low temperature, high humidity, no ethylene |
controlled atmosphere storage |