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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the indicator for starch?
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Iodine
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What color is iodine without the nutrient?
With? |
Amber
Blue/Black/Indigo |
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What is the indicator for sugar?
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Benedict's solution
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What color is Benedict's solution without the nutrient?
With? |
Blue
Orange |
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What is the indicator for lipids?
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Sudan IV
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What color is Sudan IV without the nutrient?
With? |
Red throughout
Dark red oil layer |
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What is the indicator for protein?
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Biuret solution
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What color is biuret solution without the nutrient?
With? |
Light blue
Lavender/purple/periwinkle |
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What is the indicator for vitamin A/C?
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Indophenol
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What color is indophenol without the nutrient?
With? |
Clear
Magenta |
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What elements make up carbohydrates?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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What elements make up proteins?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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What elements make up lipids?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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What elements make up Nucleic acids?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
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What is the function of a carbohydrate?
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source of energy and structural materials
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What is the function of a protein?
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structural, defensive, catalystic
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What is the function of a lipid?
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store energy, important to cell membrane
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What is the function of nucleic acid?
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sores and transfers information
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What are the subunits of a carbohydrate?
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monosaccharide
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What are the subunits of a protein?
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amino acids
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What are the subunits of a lipid?
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fatty acids
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What are the subunits of a nucleic acid?
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nucleotides
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Give two examples of a carbohydrate
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glucose, fructose
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Give two examples of a protein
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meat, beans
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Give two examples of a lipid
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waxes, steroids
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Give two examples of a nucleic acid
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RNA, DNA
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What foods do carbohydrates come from?
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fruits, milk
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What foods do proteins come from?
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meat, beans
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What foods do lipids come from?
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oil, butter
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What foods do nucleic acids come from?
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everything
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What are the building blocks of protein?
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amino acids
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What kind of fatty acid is hard at room temperature?
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saturated
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What is a molecular chain of nucleotides?
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nucleic acid
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What is starch, cellulose, and glycogen?
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polysaccharides
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What stores and transfers information from DNA?
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RNA
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DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which contain...?
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a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group
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Large, nonpolar organic molecules that include waxes and store more energy per gram than other organic compounds are?
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lipids
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Unlike saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids contain what kind of bonds between carbon atoms?
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double
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The main difference among different amino acids is in?
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their R groups
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Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called?
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a condensation reaction
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In what way to glucose and galactose differ from each other?
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Their atoms are positioned differently meaning different properties. (HO and H are switched)
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Another name for glucose is?
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sugar
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The simplest possible formula that illustrates the proportions of elements in monosaccharides is?
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C6H12)6
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What is the hydrolosis of maltosis?
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Maltose + Water --> glucose + glucose
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What are the products of the hydrolosis of maltose?
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2 glucose molecules
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In what life process does hydrolosis occur?
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digestion
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What monosaccharides make up maltose?
sucrose? lactose? |
glucose + glucose
glucose + fructose glucose + galactose |
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What is the empirical formula for maltose, sucrose and lactose?
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C12H22O11
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Why is the empirical formula not double that of the monosaccharide?
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a water molecule is removed
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What are the common names for sucrose and lactose?
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table sugar and milk sugar
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What substance is the repeating unit that makes up starch, cellulose, and glycogen?
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glucose
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Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are all made up of the same repeating unit. In what way do these three substances differ from one another?
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number of glucose units
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Name another type of compound that fits the definition of a polymer.
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polypeptide (protein)
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What type of compound is glycerol?
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sugar alcohol
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What is the empirical formula for fatty acids?
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C16H32O2
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What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fatty acid?
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bonds, what they are like at room temp, the kink
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Name three foods that are high in protein
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meat, beans, soy
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What does the R represent in the general formula for amino acids?
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variable
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If the R is a hydrogen atom, what amino acid is formed?
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glycine
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If the R is a methyl group, what amino acid is formed?
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alanine
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Is an enzyme used up by the reaction is catalyzes?
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No, its unchanged. it causes the reaction then leaves
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In what way does an enzyme affect the reaction it catalyzes? How does the enzyme produce this effect?
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speeds it up by lowering ATP
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What is meant by enzyme specificity?
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works on specific substrate, only works at a chemical reaction
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What is the active site of an enzyme?
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where the reaction takes place
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The substance with which an enzyme reacts is its...?
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substrate
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Could life as we know it exist without enzymes? Explain
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No, because chemical reactions would be too slow or not take place at all
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What are the three basic components of the nucleotides that make up nucleic acid?
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5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate group
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Where is DNA found in the cell?
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nucleus
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Describe basic functions of DNA
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contains hereditary information
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Describe basic functions of RNA
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functions protein synthesis
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What is the reaction that causes monomers to link together to form polymers?
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a condensation reaction
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What stores energy in its bonds?
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ATP
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What compounds are made primarily of carbon?
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organic compound
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What is the process used to break down a polymer?
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hydrolosis
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What are the building blocks of DNA?
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nucleotides
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What is a cluster of atoms that influence the characteristics of a molecule?
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functional group?
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What are the building blocks of protein?
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amino acids
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What is the place where a substrate fits into an enzyme?
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active site
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A(n) _________ is a substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction.
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substrate
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An organic compound with a ratio of one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom is an?
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carbohydrate
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Glucose is a ___________ that is a major source of energy in cells.
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monosaccharide
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A ________- is an organic compound that is not soluble in water.
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lipid
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a ______ is a long chain of amino acids
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protein
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Subunits of DNA and RNA are called?
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nucleotides
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DNA is a _____ _________ that contains genetic information.
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nucleic acid
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Organic compounds contain what?
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carbon and usually other elements
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The number of covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other atoms is?
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4
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A covalent bond formed when two atoms share two pairs of elections is called a?
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double bond
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The breakdown of a polymer involves?
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hydrolosis
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ATP releases energy when?
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a phosphate group is removed from it
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Give an example of how a functional group can affect the properties of an organic compound.
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hydroxyl can make the molecule it is attached to polar
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Arrange the following in order of size, from smallest to largest: polymer, monomer, carbon atom, macromolecule
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carbon atom, monomer, polymer, macromolecule
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Explain how a water molecule is produced when glucose and fructose undergo a condensation reaction
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2 sugar molecules, glucose and fructose, combine to form a sugar, sucrose -they become linked by a C-O-C bridge -glucose molecule releases a hydrogen ion and the fructose molecule releases a hydroxyl molecule- they combine to produce a water molecule
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What are the products of the hydrolosis of ATP? What else is released during this reaction?
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Products = adenosine disphosphate and inorganic phosphate
energy |
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Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are?
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polysaccharides
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The different shapes and functions of different proteins are determined by?
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the R groups of the amino acids
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Most enzymes...?
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are sensitive to changes in temperature or pH
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The large number of carbon-hydrogen bonds in lipids...?
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store more energy than the carbon-oxygen bonds in other organic compounds
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The most important function of nucleic acids is?
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storing information related to heredity and protein synthesis
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How many different kinds of monomers are there in proteins?
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20
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What compound composes most of the cell membrane?
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phospholipids
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How are phospholipids suited to the function of the membraine?
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Its inability to dissolve in water allows the membrane to form a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell
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Steroids are made up of what type of molecule?
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four fused carbon rings
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Give two examples of steriods
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testosterone & cholesterol
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Insects that live on land have a coating of wax on the outer surface of their body. What function might the wax serve for these animals?
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The wax prevents drying out
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What may vary in Adenosine phosphates?
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linked phosphate groups
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What may vary in Carbohydrates?
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number of sugars
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What may vary in proteins?
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number of amino acids
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What may vary in enzyme activity?
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physical fit between the enzyme molecules and its substrate
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What causes polarity in alcohol?
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the hydroxyl attached to one of an alcohol's carbon atoms
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What effect does menthanol have on the body?
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causes blindness or even death
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What does hydrate mean?
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to have water
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What alcohol is used by humans to assemble certain molecules necessary for life?
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glycerol
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Lipids are divided into categories according to their...?
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structure
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The three classes of lipids are....?
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triglyceride, phospholipids, and waxes
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Saturated triglycerides are composed of?
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saturated fatty acids
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At room temperature, unsaturated triglycerides are..?
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soft or liquid
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The two layers of phospholipids that form the cell membrane are called the..?
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lipid bilayer
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Lipids cannot dissolve in...?
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water
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The bilayer arrangement of molecule in a cell membrane gives the cell a...?
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barrier
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Waxes form a protective coating on the outer surface of...?
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plants
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What is a lipoid substance?
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fat substance
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A main structural difference between three categories of lipids is the number of?
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fatty acid molecules present
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What consists of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain and forms a protective layer in animals?
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waxes
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What consists of three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol and have two categories that are saturated and unsaturated?
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Triglycerides
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What consists of two molecules of fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol and two layers of these enclose a cell?
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phospholipids
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