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38 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Cell cycle |
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide |
3 phases: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis |
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Mitosis |
A nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement as the original cell. |
Process after G2 |
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Interphase |
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases |
Process before mitosis |
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G1/G0 |
In interphase -G1: cell grows rapidly, builds new organelles; also performs regular cell functions G0:A non-dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly. |
first normal growth and the other way besides going to Restriction Point |
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S |
During S phase, which follows G1 phase, all of the chromosomes are replicated. |
DNA Replication |
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G2 |
second growth stage of the cell cycle. During G2, the cell synthesizes a variety of proteins. |
cell prepare to divide |
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M |
The M stage stands for "mitosis", and is when nuclear (chromosomes separate) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) division occur. |
stage after G2 |
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Restriction point |
A point of no return in the cell cycle; once this point passes, a cell is committed to a full round of the cell cycle. |
The other way besides G0 after G1 |
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Cytokinesis |
dividing/splitting of the cytoplasm. |
It occurs concurrently with two types of nuclear division, occurs in animals cells |
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Daughter cell |
Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes. |
two cells results from cell cycle |
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Nucleotide base pairing |
Bases of DNA that are paired together to create new strands of DNA |
A,T,C,G |
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Hydrogen bond |
adenine-thymine bond together with 2 hydrogen bondscytosine and guanine bond together with 3 hydrogen bond |
Holds DNA together |
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Antiparallel |
The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. |
leading strand and lagging strand |
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DNA polymerase |
The DNA polymerases are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. |
essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule. |
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Semiconservative replication |
Semiconservative replication would produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand. |
After DNA polymerase, outside DNA strand and inside DNA strand |
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Histone |
histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. |
We need ___ and chromatin to coil DNA |
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Chromosome |
During Mitosis, chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of DNA. |
In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called _____. DNA is condense. |
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Chromatin |
During Interphase, Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. |
DNA is not condenses.Not easy to see. |
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Mutation |
mutation is a permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, other genetic elements. |
a natural process that changes a DNA sequence |
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Mutagen |
a mutagen is a changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations |
X-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and certain chemicals |
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Excision repair |
excision repair is a cellular mechanism that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle. It is responsible primarily for removing mismatched base lesions from the genome. |
An enzyme that attaches to mutated DNA fix the mutated portion |
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Leading strand/Lagging strand |
Leading Strand is the parent strand of DNA that funs in the 3' to 5' direction toward the fork, and it's able to be replicated continuously by DNA polymerase. Lagging Strand is the parent strand of DNA that funs in the 5' to 3' direction toward the fork, and it's replicated discontinuously. |
Two DNA parent strands run in different direction on a same DNA polymerase. |
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Sister chromatids |
A sister chromatid refers to either of the two identical copies formed by the replication of a single chromosome |
'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome. |
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Centromere |
The centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids |
A centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome that separates it into a short arm (p) and a long arm (q). |
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Aneuploid |
Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell |
Abnormal nuclei |
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Prophase |
during prophase the chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane break down. |
the first stage of cell division, before metaphase |
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Metaphase |
Metaphase is the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. |
the third phase of mitosis |
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Anaphase |
Anaphase is the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. |
the fourth phase of mitosis, |
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Telophase |
the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. |
the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase |
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Centrioles |
The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division. |
a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way. |
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(Mitotic) spindle (fibers) |
form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell in mitosis |
spindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells |
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Spindle poles |
the microtubule organizing center in yeast cells, functionally equivalent to the centrosome. |
Unlike the centrosome the _____ does not contain centrioles. |
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Kinetochore |
where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. |
activation of the spindle checkpoint and participation in force generation to propel chromosome movement during cell division. |
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Cyclins |
a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase enzymes. |
acts as a signal to the cell to pass to the next cell cycle phase. |
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Kinases |
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule. |
This transesterification produces a phosphorylated substrate and ADP. |
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Cellcycle arrest |
Cellcyle arrest is a stopping point in the cell cycle, where is no longer involved in the processes surrounding duplication and division. |
Cellcycle checkpoints inducing a ____ in response until the defects are repaired. |
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Cancer |
abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. |
life style factors such as tobacco use, diet, and physical activity; and environmental exposures to different types of chemicals and radiation can cause this disease |
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Checkpoints |
Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in eukaryotic cells which ensure proper division of the cell. |
where travelers are subject to security checks. |