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35 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Vascular plants |
Plants that evolved adaptations to living on land |
1.) ex: apple tree 2.) ex: strawberry bush |
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Lignin |
Found in the cellulose of cell walls; use to provide support for plant |
1.) a polymer |
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Xylem |
Vascular tissue; hollow shaped cells that carry water from the root of the plant to the rest of the plant |
1.) ex: tracheids |
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Tracheids |
Type of xylem cell; have pointed ends, thick cell walls, and pits to connect to adjacent cells |
1.) transport water |
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Vessel elements |
Type of xylem cell; less pointed than tracheids and wider and shorter, has perforated openings at the ends |
1.) transport water |
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Cohesion |
Ability to stick to other molecules via hydrogen bonding |
1.) part of cohesion tension hypothesis 2.) ex: water molecule sticking to another water molecule |
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Adhesion |
Ability to stir to other polar molecules |
1.) part of cohesion tension hypothesis 2.) water molecules sticking to polar molecules in cell walls |
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Sieve tubes |
Type of phloem cell; arranged in chains with openings at the ends to create long channels |
1.) transport food/nutrients |
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Endosperm |
Tissue surrounding embryo; assist in transferring nutrients from the plant to the developing embryo |
1.) supports embryos 2.) supports cotyledons |
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Cotyledons |
Beginning of differentiation; small bumps form of the developing embryo; are not true leaves but will preform photosynthesis until leaves develop; absorbs nutrients from endosperm and can store it to be broken down later |
1.) substitute for leaves 2.) supported by endosperms |
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Apical meristems |
Undifferentiationed cell service at the tip of embryonic shoot/root; meristem cells divide and produce cells that differentiate in specialize tissue |
1.) produces auxin |
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Seed coat |
In mature flower plants; a tough seed coat sorrounds endosperm and embryo; makes the embryo dormant, slowing all processes inside to a very slow rate; becomes dry and dormant; can survive for many years |
1.) puts the embryo to a hibernating state |
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Germination |
When the environment is favorable to the seed, it will start to grow |
1.) seed sprouting |
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Primary growth |
Growth and development of plant root/shoots from apical meristem into plant organs |
1.) first initial growth into a basic plant 2.) develops basic organs |
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Node |
Point where a leaf emerges |
1.) leaves emerges from here |
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Root cap |
Tough tissue that protects apical meristem as root grows |
1.) basically a helmet for apical meristems when the root is growing |
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Epidermis |
Cells on the surface of roots/shoots; often covered with hydrophobic cuticle of wax to prevent dehydration and stop pathogens from entering |
1.) surface of roots/shoots |
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Cuticle |
Found on epidermis; a waxy layer that prevents water loss |
1.) the ___ can be found on the epidermis |
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Vascular tissue |
Responsible for transportation of water and food in plants; 2 types: xylem and phloem |
1.) one of three major tissues in vascular plants 2.) has 2 types |
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Ground tissue |
Most abundant type of tissue; responsible for very important processes like photosynthesis and food storage |
1.) one of three major types of tissue in vascular plants 2.) very abundant |
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Secondary growth |
Growth that makes plants become larger, wider, and woody |
1.) uses vascular cambium |
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Vascular cambium |
Tissue layer near surface or roots and stems; inner cambium differentiates in xylem; outer cambium differentiates in phloem |
1.) part of secondary growth |
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Pericycle |
Meristem surrounding vascular cambium in roots and stems |
1.) the ___ wraps around the xylem and phloem in roots and stems |
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Plant growth regulator |
(PGR) compound in plants that influence growth an development |
1.) ex: auxin 2.) ex: gibberellin |
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Auxins |
Produced in apical meristems and seeds; moves via active transport; in low concentrations, promotes root elongation and lateral growth of roots; in high concentrations, inhibits root elongation and lateral growth, promotes growth of fruits and flowers |
1.) type of a PGR |
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Gibberellins |
Found in fungi and plants' apical meristems and germinating embryos; promotes stem elongation; transcriptions of digestive enzymes; and development of fruit |
1.) type of a PGR |
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Cytokinins |
Mainly produced in roots and developing fruits; regulates growth pattern of plants with other PGRs; promotes cell division, organ development, branch lateral growth, and chloroplast development, inhibits plant tissue aging and lateral roots |
1.) type of a PGR |
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Abscisic acid |
Produced in arid conditions; closes stomata and makes buds and seeds dormant; promotes synthesis of storage proteins in seeds |
1.) type of a PGR |
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Ethylene |
Promotes aging of tissue; inhibit effects of auxins and cytokinins |
1.) type of a PGR |
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Tropism |
Growth towards or away from stimulus as result from different growth rate in different plant organs |
1.) ex: phototropism 2.) ex: gravitropism |
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Phototropism |
Growth towards light source as result of auxins concentrated on the plant's dark side |
1.) type of tropism 2.) ex: a plant bending towards the sun |
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Gravitropism |
Growth towards or away from earth's gravity as a result of auxins, PGRs, and calcium concentrations |
1.) type of tropism 2.) ex: a plant growing longer roots towards gravity and longer stems away from gravity |
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Photoperiodism |
Response to length of light and darkness in a day |
1.) type of tropism 2.) uses phytochromes |
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Phytochrome |
Pigments that measure darkness |
1.) part of photoperiodism |
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Phloem |
Type of vascular tissue; responsible for transport of food throughout plant |
1.) type of vascular tissue |