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35 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Vascular Plants |
Plants that have evolved complex transport systems more nutrients and water |
Contain Xylem and Phloem |
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Lignin |
A type of chemical found in the cell walls of plants for support |
Non-vascular plants do not have this because its surroundings hold it up Supports mainly against gravity |
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Xylem |
Cells used to transfer water and minerals around the rest of the plants from the roots |
Hollow and tube-shaped Responsible for the Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis |
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Phloem |
Cells that carry organic nutrients around the plant using active transport |
Longer and skinnier Responsible for the Pressure-Flow Hypothesis |
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Tracheids |
Type of xylem cells with pits that allow it to connect with other cells, used for water transport |
Thick cell walls |
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Vessel Elements |
Type of xylem cells with openings at each end to be used for water transport |
Thinner cell walls Wider and shorter than tracheids |
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Cohesion |
When water molecules can stick to other water molecules |
_____-Tension Hypothesis Use hydrogen bonds |
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Adhesion |
When water molecules can stick to other polar molecules |
Water attaches to the sides of xylem using ____ |
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Sieve Tubes |
When phloem cells create a chain together, which works as a channel to transfer nutrients
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Surrounded by companion cells |
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Endosperm |
A tissue that carries nutrients from a plant to an embryo |
Created in the seeds of flowering plants Provides mainly starch to the embryo |
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Cotyledons |
A way for the embryo or seed to store nutrients and perform photosynthesis until leaves are grown |
Sometimes called "seed leaves" |
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Apical Meristems |
The plant cells at the ends of the shoot and root of a plant that constantly split up |
A type of undifferentiated cell These cells develop others to become differentiated |
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Seed Coat |
A protective layer around the endosperm and embryo until it sprouts |
Ex. An outer layer of a nut |
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Germination |
When the seed sprouts |
The final step of an embryo becoming an individual plant Jobs of the parent plant are now passed on to the embryo |
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Primary Growth |
The vertical growth of a plant due to growth at the meristems
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Redwood trees have a lot of ______, as they are very tall |
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Node |
The areas on the plant where leaves will emerge
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Also called meristems Looks like a place where the tree has a split |
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Root Cap |
A protective layer of cells on the apical meristem of the root
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With the root pushing through soil as the plant grows, a _____ is very helpful to keep it safe |
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Epidermis |
The outermost tissue |
Similar to human skin, only for a plant cell |
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Cuticle |
Protective covering over leaves |
Similar to the root cap, only for leaves
The reason leaves have a glossy look |
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Vascular Tissue |
The layer of xylem and phloem cells
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This layer of tissue transports things throughout the cell |
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Ground Tissue |
Cells that provide support and shape to the inside of the cell |
This layer also creates organic compounds |
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Secondary Growth |
The widening of a plant due to cell division in the vascular cambium |
Horizontal growth
The cause for the rings in a tree stump |
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Vascular Cambium |
The meristem tissue layer |
Located near the surface of roots and stems Outer surface differentiates into phloem |
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Pericycle |
The meristem tissue that surrounds the xylem and phloem in the roots
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The source of root branches
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Plant Growth Regulators |
Compounds that influence a plant's growth and development |
Similar effect as hormones in animals
Produced by genes |
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Auxins |
Chemicals that make roots grow longer and more laterally in low concentration, but shorter and less laterally with fruits from flowers in higher concentration
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Produced in the apical meristems and seeds
The effect depends on the concentration |
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Gibberellins |
Makes stems grow longer, improves development of fruit, and creates digestive enzymes in endosperm
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Produced in apical meristems and germinating embryos |
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Cytokinins |
Regulates growth pattern, increases cell division, organ development, lateral growth of branches, and chloroplast development |
Mostly made in fruits and roots Cooperates with PGR and auxins |
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Abscisic Acid |
Tells the plant to close stomata, make buds and seeds dormant, and create storage proteins for seeds |
Produced in dry conditions
Helps to prevent unneccessary water loss |
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Ethylene |
Ages tissues and prevents the effects of auxins and cytokinins |
Prevents development of lower branch buds
Promotes the droping of leaves, flowers, and fruits |
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Tropism |
Groth toward or away from a stimulus
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Occurs in response to the different patterns of growth between plant organs
Aids in plant survival |
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Phototropism |
Growth toward a light source due to higher auxin concentration on the dark side
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One side of the stem continues growing while the other stops, making it curve |
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Gravitropism |
Growth toward or away fro the Earth's gravitational pull |
Results from auxins, PGRs, and calcium ion concentrations
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Photoperiodism |
How the plant grows based on the light and darkness during a 24-hour period |
When a plant flowers, germinates, and grows rapidly is dependent on part of this process
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Phytochrome |
A pigment that tells the plant how long it is dark |
There are two forms of this absorbs far-red light or regular red light |