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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who described the era of the 1700s as "enlightened"?
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Immanuel Kant
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What event revolutionized thinking and led to the Enlightenment?
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the Scientific Revolution
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"My trade is to say what I think." Who said this?
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Voltaire
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Which phrase best describes the concept of natural law?
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rules discoverable by reason
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How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's beliefs differ from many Enlightenment thinkers?
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Rousseau believed the good of the community as a whole was most important
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Who were the physiocrats?
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French thinkers who focused on economics
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Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy of
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Laissez faire
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Which term describes the love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge?
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philosophy
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According to laissez-faire economist Adam Smith, a government should
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let free market forces drive the economy
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Who is the author of Leviathan?
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Thomas Hobbes
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During the Enlightenment, the governments and churches of Europe
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tried to stop new ideas by burning books and imprisoning writers.
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Which composer was a child prodigy who produced an enormous amount of music before his death at age 35?
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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Rousseau argued what point in his writings about the natural human state?
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Rousseau believed people were basically good and had a natural innocence
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__________ toyed with implementing Enlightenment ideas while ruling Russia.
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Catherine the Great
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how did the French government react to the publication of the first Encyclopedia?
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The french government argued that it was an attack on public morals
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Which book is Mary Wollstonecraft known for?
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A vindication of the Rights of Woman
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During the Enlightenment, the ideas from the Middle Ages were done away with because
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They seemed unscientific and irrational
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Which group of people did Montesquieu's ideas affect most?
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the Framers of the U.S. Constitution
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Who ruled Austria during the Age of Enlightenment, ending censorship and abolishing serfdom during his reign?
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Joseph II
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Which phrase best describes the rococo style?
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lighter, elegant, and charming artistic style of the Enlightenment
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What difficulty did some women have with the philosophes' ideas?
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The philosophes' slogan, "free and equal," did not apply to women.
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Rulers who did accept some of the new ideas of the Enlightenment, but who continued to hold tremendous power, were called ________.
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Enlightened despots.
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Governments used __________ to protect themselves from the attacks of Enlightenment thinkers.
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censorship
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How did the Salons of the Enlightenment develop?
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A group of noblewomen began inviting friends to their homes for poetry readings.
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What rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study of human behavior and society?
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Natural law
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In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women and men should have equal
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Education
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Physiocrats supported a government policy of
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Laissez faire
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Enlightenment writers often faced censorship because they
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challenged the old order.
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An enlightened despot was a ruler who
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influenced political and social change.
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Which enlightened despot traveled among the peasants in disguise to learn about their problems?
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Joseph II
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Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the
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Scientific Revolution.
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According to Thomas Hobbes, the best form of government is
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an absolute monarchy.
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The system of checks and balances in the United States Constitution was influenced by the ideas of which Enlightenment thinker?
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Montesquieu
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Diderot’s Encyclopedia was important because it
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spread Enlightenment ideas.
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Economist Adam Smith argued that, in a free market, business activity would be regulated by the forces of
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supply and demand.
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What Enlightenment thinker argued that the purpose of government is to safeguard the natural rights of the people?
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John Locke
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How did life change for most European peasants in the 1700s?
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Life was transformed by the Enlightenment thinkers.
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How did courtly art in the 1700s differ from art in the 1600s?
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It followed the personal, elegant style of rococo.
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Because of Voltaire's outspoken attacks on the abuses of his day, he suffered what consequences?
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Voltaire was imprisoned and forced into exile.
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What statement best describes Voltaire’s novel Candide?
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exposes corruption and hypocrisy
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Enlightenment writers sometimes tried to avoid censorship by
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disguising their ideas as fiction.
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Elegant compositions by Handel, Haydn, and Mozart reflected a new musical style of the Enlightenment known as
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classical
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During the Enlightenment, what argument did government and church officials use to justify their use of censorship?
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God set up the old order.
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The nation's first constitution was known as the
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Articles of Confederation.
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Where did the British war effort finally collapse?
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Yorktown, Virginia
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Which phrase best describes the principle of popular sovereignty?
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all government power comes from the people
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Who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence?
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Thomas Jefferson
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Which foreign nations came to the aid of the Americans during the American Revolution?
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France, Spain, and the Netherlands
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Why did the American colonists resent British rule?
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Britain imposed high taxes and controlled trade.
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Why was the American victory in the 1777 Battle of Saratoga significant?
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France was persuaded to join the Americans.
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__________ was a philosopher, scientist, publisher, legislator, and diplomat.
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Benjamin Franklin
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After signing which of the following documents did Great Britain recognize the independence of the United States?
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Treaty of Paris
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Why did Parliament pass the Navigation Acts in the 1600s?
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to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing
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Why did the colonists protest against "taxation without representation"?
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They were not represented in Parliament.
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Why did colonists hurl a cargo of British tea into the Boston harbor?
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to protest a tax imposed by the British
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Which Enlightenment idea was contained in the Constitution of the United States?
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the separation of powers
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Thomas Jefferson drew from which Enlightenment thinker's ideas when he wrote the Declaration of Independence?
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John Locke
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Enlightenment thinkers insisted that people and governments could solve every social, political, and economic problem by
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using reason.
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What city was the "heart of the Enlightenment"?
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Paris
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What new form of literature developed by the 1700s?
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novels
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Baron de Montesquieu wanted to separate the powers of government among three branches to
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prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
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What benefit did the 13 colonies on the eastern coast of North America bring Great Britain?
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They increased trade with Britain, and helped Britain expand its colonial territories.
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England became united with which areas to help facilitate its rise to global prominence?
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the United States and colonial islands in the South Pacific
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Which of the following statements explains why the 13 American colonies were important to the British empire?
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they allowed britain to apply mercantilist policies and to strengthen their own economy
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How did the British try to create alliances within the colonies?
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They courted the slaves.
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In the 1700s, British merchants gained enormous wealth by dominating what type of trade with Spanish America?
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slaves
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Which of the following British laws imposed taxes on such items as newspapers and pamphlets in the American colonies?
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Stamp Act
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Which of the following was an advantage of the colonists in the American Revolution?
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diverse geography
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The Constitution created a federal republic, which divided power between
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national and state governments.
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The idea of separation of powers in the Constitution was borrowed from Enlightenment thinker
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Montesquieu
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Because the American colonies were home to diverse reglious and ethnic groups,
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social distinctions were more blurred than in Europe.
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Britain passed the Navigation Acts to
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regulate colonial trade and manufacturing.
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The Battle of Saratoga marked a turning point in the American Revolution because
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the American victory convinced France to support the Revolution.
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American leaders gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise
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the Articles of Confederation.
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light and delicate artistic style popular during the reign of Louis XV
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rococo
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principle that all government power comes from the people
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popular sovereignty
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proposed the idea of separation of powers in government
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Montesquieu
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his government made policies that helped bring about the American Revolution
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George III
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argued that the forces of supply and demand in a free market can regulate business activity
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Adam Smith
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informal social gathering where Enlightenment thinkers exchanged ideas
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salon
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helped spread Enlightenment ideas by compiling articles by leading thinkers into a 28-volume work
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Diderot
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chosen to command the American forces during the American Revolution
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George Washington
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principal author of the Declaration of Independence
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Thomas Jefferson
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grand, ornate style of art and architecture popular during the age of Louis XIV
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baroque
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Compare the views of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke on human nature. How did these views influence their ideas on the proper role of government?
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discussion
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“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”
—Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 Enlightenment thinker John Locke influenced the ideas in the Declaration of Independence. In the excerpt above, identify and describe the ideas that reflect John Locke’s point of view. |
discussion
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Identify three reforms made by enlightened despots.
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discussion
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If Britain had loosened its policies toward the colonies, do you think the American Revolution could have been avoided? Explain your reasoning.
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discussion
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Summarize several reasons why Britain was able to become a global power by the 1700s.
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discussion
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