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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The layers of the heart wall from outside to inside are: (1) ______________, (2) ______________, (3) ______________, (4) ______________.
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pericardium; epicardium; myocardium; endocardium
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The endocardium is more prominent in the ______________.
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atria
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The sub-endothelium is comprised of ______________ and ______________ fibers, ______________, and ______________.
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collagen; elastic; fibroblasts; smooth muscle
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The sub-endocardium is comprised of ______________ connective tissue, ______________, ______________, and ______________ cells.
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loose; blood vessels; nerves; Purkinje
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The myocardium contains ______________, ______________, ______________, small ______________, and very little ______________ (mostly around blood vessels). The myocardium is thickest in the ______________ and thinnest in the ______________.
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myocytes; capillaries; blood vessels; nerves; connective tissue; left ventricle; atria
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The epicardium contains ______________ cells, ______________, ______________, and ______________.
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fat; coronary blood vessels; nerves; ganglia
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The cardiac myocytes are characterized by ______________ nuclei, ______________, and irregular shaped cells that ______________.
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centrally located; intercalated disks; branch
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The endocardium includes the ______________, ______________, and ______________ (which contains the Purkinje fibers).
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endothelium; sub-endothelium; sub-endocardium
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The large pale-staining cells in the sub-endocardium are modified myocytes called ______________. They are the conducting cells of the heart.
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Purkinje cells
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The bulk of the semilunar valve consists of ______________ covered by ______________.
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dense connective tissue; endothelium
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What is the difference between the AV valves and the semilunar valves?
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semilunar valves contain elastic arteries
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The layers of the vessels from exterior to interior include: (1) ______________, (2) ______________, and (3) ______________.
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tunica adventitia; tunica media; tunica intima
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The tunica ______________ is composed of mostly smooth muscle.
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media
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The tunica ______________ is composed of a single layer of flattened, squamous endothelial cells and a sub-endothelial layer of ______________.
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intima; connective tissue
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The tunica ______________ is composed mainly of fibroelastic connective tissue.
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adventitia
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Typically, the arterial blood passes into a ______________ and then into the venous system.
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capillary bed
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There are certain areas where a ______________ occurs between two capillary beds, such as the ______________, ______________, ______________ and ______________.
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portal system; digestive tract; liver; pituitary; kidney
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The largest arteries in the body are the ______________ and ______________. They are ______________ arteries characterizes by large amounts of elastic fibers in the ______________.
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aorta; pulmonary trunk; elastic; tunica media
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The walls of the veins are relatively ______________ than the arteries.
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thinner
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Large veins may possess ______________ which are absent in arteries.
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valves
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The large, medium, and small veins contain ______________ and ______________ fibers.
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elastic; reticular
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Which type of collagen is found in reticular fibers?
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Type III collagen
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As you go down the vascular tree, you notice a gradual change from arteries with large amounts of ______________ in the media to those which have little or no fibers in the media but distinct layers of fibers in the ______________ and ______________.
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elastic fibers; intima; adventitia
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The ______________ is especially well developed in muscular arteries and separates the tunica intima from the tunica media.
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internal elastic lamina
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In many instances, the artery, vein, nerve, and lymphatics run together in a fascial sheath which is called a ______________.
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nerve vascular bundle
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Veins are often ______________ shaped.
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irregularly
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The lymphatic system is a ______________ system in which the lymphatic vessels have a closed end where material enters the lymphatic system from the ______________.
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discontinuous; extracellular matrix
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______________ connect the arterioles and the venules; instead of a continuous tunica media, they have individual ______________ cells placed a short distance apart that act as sphincters.
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Metarterioles; smooth muscle
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The wall of the capillary varies depending on its location. ______________ capillaries are found in muscle and nervous tissue; ______________ capillaries are found in the pancreas, digestive organs, and some endocrine glands; ______________ capillaries are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
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Continuous; fenestrated; sinusoidal
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The simple squamous endothelial cells lining the vascular system may secrete multiple chemical components ranging from ______________, which acts in clot formation, vasoconstrictors such as ______________, to components of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix such as collagen types ______, ______, and ______, as well as ______________ and ______________.
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von willebrand factor; endothelin; II; IV; V; fibronectin; laminin
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The most common cause of death in the US is ______________.
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cardiovascular disease
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Some of the most common diseases are ______________, ______________, and ______________. There are also vascular complications associated with other diseases such as ______________.
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stroke; heart attack; atherosclerosis; diabetes
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Atherosclerosis occurs when deposits of fat are ______________.
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crystallized
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A blockage of the coronary arteries may result in an ______________ where the muscle cells in the area supplied by the blocked artery are damaged due to decreased perfusion.
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infarct
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What is the sequence of myocardial infarct cell infiltration? (1) ______________, (2) ______________, (3) ______________, (4) ______________ and ______________.
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neutrophils; macrophages; angioblasts; fibroblasts and collagen
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Atherosclerosis in a coronary vessel may lead to ______________ and then to an infarct in which the muscle tissue dies.
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ischemia
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After an infarct, a cascade of events involving cellular ______________ occurs.
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infiltration
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First, ______________ appear to fight possible bacterial infection. They are followed by ______________ and finally ______________ resulting in a connective tissue scar replacing the myocytes.
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neutrophils; macrophages; fibroblasts
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During the neutrophil infiltration, the combination of dying tissue and neutrophilic enzymes may lead to a ______________.
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rupture in the wall
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Does the heart contain a stem cell, such as the satellite cell which can differentiate and replace the damaged myocytes?
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NO (while skeletal muscles do possess satellite cells, the cardiac tissue does not)
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To maintain cardiac output in congestive heart failure, 3 systems are activated. An increase in ______________ from the sympathetic nervous system, which results in vaso-______________. The activation of the ______________ system decreases kidney filtration and increases fluid retention, increasing blood volume. Cardiac ______________ from increased sarcomeres.
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catecholamines; vasoconstriction; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone; hypetrophy
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Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by either an increase in wall thickness via ______________ hypertrophy, in which there is ______________ sarcomere replication, or an increase in chamber size via ______________ hypertrophy, in which there is ______________ sarcomere replication.
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concentric; parallel; eccentric; series
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