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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classification of living things in order of increasing specificity
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Kindom, Phylum, class, order, family, genius, species
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Kingdom determines
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whether plant or animal
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phylum determines
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whether vertebrate or invertebrate
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class can be 5 things
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fish, amphibians, avians, reptiles or mammals
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order determines
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vegetable eating, or meat eating
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example of family
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cat or dag
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example of genius
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Homo
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example of species
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sapien
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5 biological kingdoms
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animalia, fungi, monera, plantae, protista
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describe kindom animalia
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complex, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that digest food outside of cells. mostly consume other organisms for nutrients.
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describe kingdom monera
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most primitive. encompasses all bacteria, single celled prokaryotic organisms
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describe kingdom fungi
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slime moulds, mushrooms, smuts, rusts, mildews, molds, stinkhorns, puffballs, truffles and yeasts. Absorb food in solution directly through cell walls
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describe kindom plantae
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multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that usually conduct photosynthesis.
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describe kingdom protista
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single celled eukaryotic organisms. more complex then bacteria, include protozoans and some types of algea.
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the levels life organized from smallest to largest
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atoms, molecules, supramolecular strucutres, cells, tissue, organs, organisms, populations, communities, biosphere
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3 domains ( super kingdoms) of living organisms
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bacteria, archea, eukarya
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5 phylums under bacteria domain
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proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, eubacteria, spirochetes, chlamydiae
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describe proteobacteria
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N-Fixed bacteria
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describe cyanobacteria
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blue-green bacteria
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describe eubacteria
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true gram positive bacteria
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describe spiochetes
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spiral bacteria
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describe chlamydiae
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intracellular parasites
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describe the domain archea
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prokaryotes of extreme environments
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what are the 3 kingdoms under the archea domain
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Creanarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota
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describe crenarchaeota
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thermophiles
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describe euryarchaeota
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methanogens and halophiles
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describe korarchaeota
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some hot springs microbes
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what are the kingdoms under the eukarya domain
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protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
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methods that material use to enter or exit a cellular membrane
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osmosis, diffusion, membrane transport proteins, recognizeable proteins
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describe chromatin in the nucleus
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combination of DNA and associated proteins floating in a liquid nucleoplasm, surrounded by nuclear envelope( lipid bilayer)
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what hapens in the nucleolus
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synthesis of ribosomal genes rRNA takes place
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what does the endomembrane or cytomembrane system consist of
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ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi body, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes
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what do ribosomes do in the endo/ctomembrane system
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small structures made of RNA and protein that assemble protein chains. can be free in cytoplasm or bound to the ER
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what does the rough ER do in the endo/ctomembrane system
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sorts and modifies proteins chains delivered by bound ribosomes.
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what does the smooth ER do in the endo/ctomembrane system
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lacks ribosomes. site of lipid (membrane ) synthesis
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what does the golgi body do in the endo/ctomembrane system
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connects with the smooth ER , completes lipid synthesis and sorts proteins to their correct destination in small vesicles.
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what do vesicles do in the endo/ctomembrane system
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transport proteins and lipids to the cell surface, bring proteins and lipids to cell from cell's surface, digest compounds in lysosomes.
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what do lysosomes do in the endo/ctomembrane system
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intracellular digestion
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what do peroxisomes do in the endo/ctomembrane system
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break down fatty acids, amino acids, and alcohol.
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what is a mitochondria
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double membrane-bound organelle, makes ATP, contains it's own genome.
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what is a chloroplast
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in plants only, a double membrane-bound organelle, makes sugar from sunlight & CO2 during photosythesis, contains it's own genome.
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what is the cytoskeleton made of and it's function
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microtubules & microfilaments. provides cell shape and movement
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what is centioles made of and it's function
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microtubules.
may assist in cell division |
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what is a cell wall and what kindoms have them
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a tough rigid structure in plants>made of cellulose. In protists>a variety of proteins. In fungi> chitin
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what kingdoms are prokaryotic cells and what are the 5 features
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archaebacteria & Eubacteria
very small, lack internal compartments and organelles, lack a nucleus, have 1 circular chromosome, tough external wall |
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what kindoms are eukaryotic cells and what r the 5 features
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protists, plants, fungi, animals
subdivided by internal membranes, DNA enclosed by membrane-bound nucleus, DNA organized into chromosomes, cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and organelles, plant cells & yeasts cells & protists have cell wall animals dont. |
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what is a nucleus
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largest membrane-bound organelle w/in a cell. contains DNA. syntesizes RNA which directs the formation of proteins that sustain life, duplicates itself in order to reproduce.
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what is a vacuole
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energy storage housed w/in cytoplasm of cell. bound by single layer membrane. site of protein and metabolite degradation
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what is cytoplasm
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fluid w/in cell membrane contains substances that are used by the cell to create energy. 80-97% water
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what is diffusion
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passive process that allows nutrients, gases, molecules to enter and leave cell. can be passive or facilitated
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describe passive diffusion
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small molecules pass through the cell membrane by using only a small amount of energy
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describe facilitative diffusion
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aka active transport. when carrier proteins embedded in the cell membrane bind to specific substances, allowing them to enter the cell.
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describe osmosis
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a form of diffusion. when a large molecule is disulved in water in order to allow it too pass through a cell membrane.
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carbohydrate chains are called
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polymers
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what are nucleic acids
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part of the molecule inhereted through reproduciton, DNA & RNA.
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what r the largest of the biological molecules
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proteins
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proteins are made up of how many molecules and what are they called
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20, amino acids
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what 3 types of fats/lipids r there
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fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids
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which of the 3 types of fats can either be saturated or unsaturated
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fatty acids.
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why is unsaturated fat in liquid form
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because they contain 1 or more hydrocarbon bond in their hydrocarbon tail
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why are unsaturated fats in solid form
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because they have no double bonds.
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what is a phospholipid
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2 fatty acids bound to a phosphate group. 1 end of phosphate chain is polar, and the other end is nonpolar= the 2 ends are attracted to each other forming a barrier around the cell.
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which fat/lipid type is often components of cellular membranes
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steroids
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what makes steroids nonpolar
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they contain a large # of carbon-hydrogen molecules.
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antigenic determinant
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a surface feature of a microorganism or macromolecule, such as a glycoprotein, that elicits an immune response.
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2 forms of asexual reproduction
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grafting, budding
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autosome
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a chromosome that is not involved in sex determination
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backcross
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crossing an organism with one of it's parent organisms
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biologics
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agents, such as vaccines, that give immunity.
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carcinoma
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a malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue, which forms the skin and outer cell layers of internal organs
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catalyst
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a substance that promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction, but which itself remains unaltered at the end of the reaction.
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catalytic antibody (abzyme)
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An anitbody selected for its ability to catalyze a chemical reaction by binding to and stabilizing the transition state intermediate.
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catalytic RNA (ribozyme)
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A natural or synthetic RNA molecule that cuts an RNA substrate.
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chloramphenicol
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an antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis
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coenzyme
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an organic molecule, such as a vitamin, that binds to an enzyme and is required for it's catalytic activity.
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cross hybridization
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the hydrogen bonding of a single-stranded DNA that is partially but not entirely coplementary to a single stranded substrate.
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dalton
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a measurement unti equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom.
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density gradient centrifugation
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high speed centrifugation in which molecules "float" at a point where there density equals that in a gradient of cesium chloride or sucrose
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dideoxynucleotide
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a deoxynucleotide that lacks a 3' hydroxyle group and is thus unable to form 3'-5' phosphodiester bond necessary for chain elongation
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when are dideoxynucleotides used
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in DNA sequencing and the treatment of viral diseases
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dominant gene
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a gene whos phenotype is when it is present in a single copy
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dominant oncogene
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a gene that stimulates cell proliferation and contributed to oncogenesis when present in a single copy.
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ecology
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the study of the interactions of organisms with their environment and with each other
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electrophoresis
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a technique of seperating charged molecules in a matrix to which an electrical field is applied.
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electroporation
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a method for transforming DNA. especially useful in plant cells. High voltage pulses of electricity are used to oopen pores in cell membranes, through which foreign DNA can pass.
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endophyte
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an organism that lives inside another
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flanking region
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The DNA sequences extending on either side of a specific locus or gene
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fungus
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a microorganism that lacks chlorophyll
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gene insertion
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the addition of 1 or more copies of a normal gene into a defective chromosome
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genetic marker
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a gene or group of genes used to mark or track the actions of microbes
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genotype
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the structure of DNA that determines the expression of a trait
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growth factor
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a serum protein that stimulated cell division when it binds to it's cell-surface receptor
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hemophilia
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an X-linked recessive genetic disease, caused by a mutatin in the gene for clotting factor VIII or IX, which leads to abnormal blood clotting
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes that have the same linear arrangement of genes. a pair of matching chromosomes in a diploid organism
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homologous recombination
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the exchange of DNA fragments between 2 DNA molecules or chromatids of paired chromosomes at the site of identical necleotide sequences.
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hydrogen bond
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a relatively weak bond formed between y, a hydrogen atom (which is covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom) and a nitrogen or oxygen with an unshared electron pair.
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in situ
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refers ro performing assays or manipulations with intact tissues
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incomplete dominance
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a condition where a heterozygous off-spring has a phenotype that is distinctly different from, and intermediate to, the parental phenotypes.
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insulin
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a peptide hormone secreted from the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that regulates the level of blood sugar
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interferon
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a family of small proteins that stimulate viral resistance in cells
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nucleotide
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building block of DNA, RNA. consisting of a nitrogenous base, a 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate group, together nucleotides form codons, which when strung together form genes, which link to form chromosomes
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phospholipid
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a class of lipid molecules in which a phosphate group is linked to glycerol and 2 fatty acyl groups
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plaque
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a clear spot on a lawn of bacteria where or cultured cells where cells have been lysed by viral infection
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polymer
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a molecule composed of repeated subunits
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polypetide
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a polymer composed of multiple amino acid units linked by peptide bonds
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polysaccharide
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a polymer composed of multiple units of monosaccharide (simple sugar).
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primary cell
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a cell or cell line that is taken directly from a living organism, which is not immortalized
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protease
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an enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds that link amino acids in protein molecules
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protein kinase
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an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to a protein molecule at serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues
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protein
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a polymer of amino acids linked via peptide bonds and which may be composed of 2 or more polypeptide chains
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recombinant DNA
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the process of cutting and recombining DNA fragments from different sources as a means to isolate genes or to alter their structure and function
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retrovirus
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a member of a class of RNA viruses that utilizes the enzyme reverse transcriptase to reverse copy it's genome into a DNA intermediate, which integrates into the hostcell chromosome.
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reverse genetics
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using linkage analysis and polymorphic markers to isolate a disease gene in the absence of a known metabolic defect, then using the DNA sequence of the cloned gene to predict the amino acid sequence of its encoded protein.
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subunit vaccine
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a vaccine composed of a purified antigenic determinant that is seperated from the virulent organism.
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synapsis
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the pairing of homologous chromosome pairs during prophase of the first meiotic division, when crossing over occurs.
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Taq polymerase
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a heat stable DNA polymerase isolated from the bacterium Therrnus aquaticus
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telomere
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the end of a chromosome
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vector
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an autonomously replicating DNA molecule into which foreign DNA fragments are inserted and then propagated into a host cell.
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