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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The skeletal system consists of (4 things)
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bones, joints, cartilage and ligaments
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the word skeleton means
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dried-up body
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a common bone disorder, especially in older women is called
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osteoporosis
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name 4 functions of the skeleton
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supports the body weight
protects the soft body organs enables the body to move stores minerals - important - calcium and phosphoral producted blood cells |
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name the 4 classifications of bones
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long bones, short bones, flat bones, irreglar bones
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bone is also called
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osseous tissue
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bone cells are called
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osteocytes
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what secretes an intercellular matrix containing calium, other minerals and protein fibers
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osteocytes
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Name the two types of bones
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compact and spongy
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dense, hard bone tissue found primarily in the shaft of long bones and the outer surface of other bones is called
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compact bone
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spongy bone is also called
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cancellous bone
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what type of bone is located primarily at the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones
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cancellous (spongy) bone
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the microscopic unit of compact bone is
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the osteon or haversian system
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osteoclastic activity is responsible for
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longitudinal bone growth
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describe the haversian system
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it consists of mature osteocytes arranged in a concentric circles around large blood vessels
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In infancy, the medullary cavity is filled with red bone marrow, in adulthood it's filled with
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yellow bone marrow
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yellow bone marrow is a storage site for
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fat
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the connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity is called
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endosteum
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a tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis is called
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the periosteum
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articular cartilage Is/Is Not anchored firmly to the outside of the bone on all surfaces
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is not -
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what is the function of periosteum
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protects the bone, serves as a point of attachment for muscle, and contains the blood vessels that nourishes the underlying bone
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where is the articular cartilage found
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on the outer surface of the epiphysis
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what is the purpose of the articular cartilage
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it decreases friction within a joint.
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another name for a joint is
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articulation
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the formation of bone is called
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ossification
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ossification begins when ________ or bone forming cells migrate to the region of the flat bones (in an infant)
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osteoblasts
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what do osteoblasts secrete
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calcium and other minerals
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ossification of long bones occurs when
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bone tissue replaces cartilage
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osteoblasts invade cartilage and replace cartilage with bone until
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all but the articular cartilage ad the epiphyseal disc have been replaced by bone
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what two pieces of cartilage remain unossified
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bridge of the nose and parts of the ribs
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maturation is characterized by two types of bone growth, name them
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(1) bones grow longitudinally and - for height and (2) grow thicker and become wider - to support weight
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where does longitudinal bone growth occur
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at the epiphyseal disc also called the growth plate
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when cartilage no longer continues to grow in the epiphyseal disc, what happens
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the bone stops growing in length
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longitudinal bone growth ceases when
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the epiphyseal disc becomes ossified and fused
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what two hormones affect the epiphyseal disc
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sex hormones and growth hormones
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what hormone causes the epiphyseal disc to fuse
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sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
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girls are shorter because
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the epiphyseal disc is more sensitive to estrogen
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hypersecretion of growth hormone causes
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giantism
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hyposecretion of growth hormone causes
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dwarfism
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what happens if the epiphyseal disc is injured
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longitudinal bone growth is impaired in the injured bone
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bone remodeling is accomplished by
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osteoblasts
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bone-FORMING cells are
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osteoblasts
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bone-destroying cells are
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osteoclasts (C4 explosive)
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where are osteoblasts located
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on the undersurface of the periosteum
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where is bone deposited by osteoblasts
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on the external bone surface
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where is bone broken down by osteoclasts
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on the inner bone surfact surrounding the medullary cavity
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bone resorption is when
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osteoclasts breakdown bone matrix
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the breakdown of the bone matrix is called
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bone resorption
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besides widening bone, bone resorption also
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moves calcium from the bone to the blood
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what hormone plays a role in bone resorption
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the parathyroid hormone
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what are bone surface markings
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ridges, projections, depressions and grooves
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what is the purpose of bone markings
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the markings that stick out serve as points of attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments
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what purpose do the grooves and depressions play
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they form the routes traveled by blood vessels and nerves
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what purpose do the projections and depressions play
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they also help form the joints
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what type of fracture is a broken bone that also pierces the skin
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a compound fracture
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an incomplete break, usually occurs in children is called
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a greenstick fracture
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a fracture which extends in a spiral direction along the diaphysis is called
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a spiral fracture - caused by a twisting force
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when there are more than two bone fragments, the fracture is called
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a comminuted fracture
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when two parts of a broken bone have been jammed into each other is called
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an impacted fracture, which is a type of comminuted fracture.
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bones are composed of two types of osseous tissue
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compact (dense) bone
spongy (cancellous) bone |
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What is the head of a bone
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an enlarged and rounded end of a boe
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what is an epicondyle
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an enlargement near or above a condyle
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a large rounded know that usually articulates with another bone is called
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a condyle
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a facet of a bone is
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a small, flattened surface
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what is a process of a bone
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a prominent project on a bone
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what is a trochanter (bone)
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a large tubercle (tuberosity) found only on the femur
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what is a depression or grove on a bone called
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a fossa
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a tunnel or tubelike passwageway on a bone is called
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meatus
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a sinus is
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a cavity or hollow space
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the skeleton is divided into
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the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
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what bones makes up the axial skeleton
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the bones of the skull, hyoid bone, bones of the middle ear, vertebral column and bony thorax
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what bones make up the appendicular skeleton
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the appendicular skeleton include the bones of the hip and shoulder girles
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how many bones are in the skeleton
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206
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how many bones are in the axial skeleton
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80
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how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton
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126
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the skull is formed by what two groups of bones
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the cranium and the facial bones
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the cranium is composed of how many bones
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8
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name the eight bones of the skull/cranium
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frontal, parietal(2), temporal(2), occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
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name the four bone markings located on the temporal bone
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the styloid process, the external auditory meatus, the zygomatic process and mastoid process
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where are the zygomatic and mastoid processes located
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on the temporal bone, the zygomatic process is in front of the external auditory meatus, the mastoid process behing
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where is the point of attachment for some of the muscles of the neck
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the mastoid process
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where is the point of attachment for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx
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the styloid process
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the opening for the ear is called
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the external auditory meatus
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the bone that forms the bridge of the nose is
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the nasal bone
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the thin bone in the nose that separates the nostrils is called
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the vomer
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the mandible is located where on the skull
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it forms the chin and the lower jaw
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the bone that holds the upper teeth is called
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the maxilla
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the bone on the inner-interior surface of the orbit of the eye is called
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the lacrimal bone
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the point of attachment of the mandible to the temporal bone is called
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the temporomandibular joint
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the suture that runs across the top of the skull is called the
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coronal suture
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the suture that runs above the temporal bone is called
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the squamous suture
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the suture that runs above the occipital bone
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is the lambdoidal suture
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the bone in the cranium that is butterfly shaped and forms part of the floor and sides of the cranium is called
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the sphenoid bone
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the seat of the pituitary gland is located where
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in the sphenoid bone in a depression called the sella turcica
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the ethmoid bone is located where
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it is the deepest bone that is located between the eye orbits and helps form the bony structure of the nasal cavity
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a projection that forms a point of attachment for the meninges is located where
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on the ethmoid bone
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the membranes that surround the brine and contain cerebrospinal fluid are called
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meninges
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a sharp blow to the ethmoid bone can result
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in death by causing severe brain injury and death
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the face has how many bones
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14
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name the two single bones of the face (all others are paired)
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the mandible and the vomer
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the lower jaw bone that carries the lower teeth is called
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the mandible
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the only freely movable joint in the skull is the
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mandible
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the mandible articulates with the temporal bones where
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at the temporomandibular joint
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what is tooth grinding called
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bruxism
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two ___________ bones fuse to form the upper jaw
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maxilla
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an extension of the maxilla, the ___________ _________, forms the anterior portion of the har palate
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palatine process
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two palatine bones form the posterior part of the hard palat and the floor of the __________ _________
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nasal cavity
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failure of the palatine and/or maxillary bones to fuse causes a
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cleft palate
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cheekbones and part of the orbits of the eyes
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zygomatic bones
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what is a sinus
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the sinuses are air filled cavities located in several of the bones of the skull
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what important functions do the sinuses perform
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they lessen the weight of the skull and increase the sound of the voice
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the four sinuses are called
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the paranals sinuses
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name the four sinuses
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frontal sinus, ethmoidal sinuses, sphenoidal, and maxillary
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a sinus infection is called
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simusitis
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a unique kind of joint in the adult skull is called
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a suture
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the major suture are
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coronal suture, the lambdoidal suture and the squamosal suture
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name the two major differences between the infant skull and the adult skull
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infant skulls have fontanels and unfused sutures.
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soft spots in a baby's skull that are a fibrous membrane are called
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fontanels
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the word fontanel means
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"little fountain"
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by what age are the fontanels converted to bone
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by age 2
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what is the prime reason for fontanels
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fontanels allow the skull to be compressed during birth and allow continued growth of the brain and skull after birth and throughout infancy
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when the sutures of the infant skull fuse too early, preventing growth of the brain, this condition is called
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microcephalia
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microcephalia is characterized by
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a small skull and impaired intellectual fuctioning
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if excessive fluid accumulates within the brain of an infant, the bones are forced agart and the skull enlarges - this is called
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hydrocephalus
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a sunken fontanel can indicate
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dehydration
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what is the hyoid bone
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it is a U-shaped bone located in the upper neck
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what does the hyoid bone do
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it anchors the tongue and is associated with swallowing
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how many bones are in the middle ear
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3
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the three small bones of the middle ear are called
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ossicles
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another name for the vertebral column is
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backbone
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the backbone, vertebral column, extends from
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the skull to the pelvis
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how many bones are in the vertebral column
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26
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what four major functions does the vertebral column perform
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it forms a supporting structure for the head and thorax, an attachment for the pelvic girdle, it encases and protect the spinal cord and provides flexibility for the body
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how many cervical vertebrae are there
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7 c1-c7
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cervical vertebrae are located where
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in the neck region
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the large bump on the cervical vertebra is located where and called what
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C7, vertebra prominens
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how many thoracic vertebrae are there
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12 - T1 to T12
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the thoracic vertebrae are located where
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in the chest region
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how many lumbar vertebrae are there
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5 L1 to L5
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where are the lumbar vertebrae located
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in the lower back
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what level of the lumbar vertebrae are you at when you place your hands on your hips
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L4
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how many sacral vertebrae are there
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5
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the five sacral vertebrae fuse into one
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sacrum
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the __________ forms the posterior wall of the pelvis
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sacrum
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the tailbone is called the
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coccyx - it resembles the beak of a cuckoo bird
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Name two special vertibrae
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atlas (C1) and axis (C2)
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the first cervical vertibrae is called the
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atlas (C1)
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what vertibrae has no body, but does have depressions and form the seat of the occipital bone
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the atlas
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the second cervial vertibrae is called the
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axis (C2)
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the name of the projection located on the axis is
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the dens - named after a toothlike odontoid process
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what allows the atlast to pivot or swivel
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the axis
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this allows your head to rotate from side to side "no"
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axis
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the "spin bone"
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the axis
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in children the fusion between the __________ and the axis is incomplete
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dens
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the cartilaginous disc that pads the vertebrae is called
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an intervertebral disc
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the purpose of the intervertebral disc is
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the support the weight of the vertebra sitting on top of it
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processes provide a site of attachment for
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ligaments, tendons and muscles
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what is the vertebral foramen
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it is the opening in the vertebrae for the spinal cord
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when the lamina fails to fuse during fetal development, this develops
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spinal bifida
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compression of the spinal cord causes what
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paralysis and loss of bladder and bowel control
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what surgical procedure may be performed to access the intevertebral disc
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a laminectomy
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when a surgeon whats to remove a damaaaged or slipped disc, he performs a
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laminectomy
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when view from the side, the spinal cord has four normal curvatures, name them
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the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral curves
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what spinal curvatures bend toward the front of the body
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the cervial and the lumbar
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what spinal curvature bend away from the front of the body
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the thoracic ad sacral curvatures
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what curvatures (curves) center the head over the body, providing balance to walk in an upright position
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the thoracic and sacral curvatures
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how is the curvature of the fetal spine different
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it is a single c-shaped curvature that bends away from the front of the body (curled-up position)
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when does the cervical curvature develop
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it develops about 3 to 4 months after birth
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when does the lumbar curvature develop
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it develops at about 1 year of age, when children begin walking
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an abnormal lateral curvature is called
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scoliosos and usually involves the thoracic vertebrae
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an exaggerated thoracic curvature is called
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kyphosis
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swayback is also called
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lordosis
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an exaggerated lumbar curvature is called
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lordosis
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describe the thoracic cage
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it is a bony, cone-shaped cage that surrounds and protects the lungs, heart, large blood vesels and some abdominal organs - liver and spleen
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what plays a crucial role in breathing and supporting the bones of the shoulder
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the thoracic cage
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the thoracic cage is composed of
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the sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae
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another name for the sternum is
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breastbone
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a dagger shaped bone located along the midline of the anterior chest is called
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the sternum
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what are the three parts of the sternum
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the manubrium(top), body and xiphoid proces
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the tipe of the sternum is called the
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xiphoid process
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the xiphoid process serves as a landmark for
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CPR
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the suprasternal notch is located where
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it is the superior line of the anubrium
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the suprasternal notch is also called the
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jugular notch
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the jugular notch is
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a depression on the upper part of the manubrium between the two clavicles
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how many pairs of ribs are there
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12
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how many pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum
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7
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how do the ribs attach to the sternum
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by costal cartilage
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ribs that attach to the sternum via costal cartilage are called
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true ribs
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five pairs of ribs attach indirectly to the sternum or do not attach at all and are called
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false ribs
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the bottom two pairs of fals ribs which lack sternal attachment are called
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floating ribs
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the heart is located between the
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2nd and 6th ribs
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Contractions of these muscles helps move the thoracic cage during breathing
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intercostal muscles
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what is the costal angle
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they are the edges of the cartilage that form an angle as they converge near the xiphoid process
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the costal margin should be less than ________ degrees
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90
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during pregnancy the angle of the _______________ __________ increases
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costal angle
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