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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
S phase?
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Synthesis
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Gap 0?
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Quiescent/senescent state: A resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing
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Gap 1 (G1)?
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Cells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis.
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DNA replication occurs during this phase?
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S phase of interphase
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G2 (Gap 2)?
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During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow. The G2 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide
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M phase?
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Mitosis. Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division
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Cancer?
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Uncontrolled proliferation of cells & the cell cycle
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Cancer and the G0 phase?
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The regulatory checkpoints are not active in cancer cells, leading to continuous replication
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Neoadjuvant chemotherapy?
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Preoperative treatment designed to shrink primary tumors and lessen the area of local therapy (surgery or radiotherapy)
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Adjuvant chemotherapy?
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Postoperative treatment used when there is little evidence of cancer present, but there is risk of recurrence.
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Immunotherapy options in cancer treatment?
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-Immunostimulants
-Adaptive T-cell transfer (in trials) -Vaccines (in trials) |
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Target of M-phase specific antineoplastic agents?
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Microtubules of the cancer cell
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Phase non-specific antineoplastic agents?
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Mainly the alkylating agents that affect the DNA
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50% of all cancers have this mechanism of resistance?
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p53 mutation that causes defective checkpoint function and interference with apoptosis
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Antineoplastic agents most likely to be effected by a resistance mechanism that decreases the drug's activity?
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Cytosine arabinoside, fludarabine, cladribine and methotrexate.
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Antineoplastic agents most likely to be effected by a resistance mechanism that alters the drug target?
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Etopside, doxirubicin and gleevec.
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Antineoplastic agents most likely to be effected by a resistance mechanism that alters the drug target?
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Etopside, doxirubicin, vinca alkaloids, paclitaxel and topotecan.
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Can the immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells?
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Yes, but slow and difficult. Cancer needs to be a strong antigen to ellicit a response and immune system needs to be very effective
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Immunocompromised and organ transplant patients are at increased risk of these cancer types?
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Cancers of viral origin:
Kaposi’s sarcoma (HHV-8) Hodgkin’s lymphoma (EBV) cervical cancer (HPV) liver cancer (HBV) |
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Effector cells of the innate immune system include?
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natural killer (NK) cells, granulocytes,
monocytes/macrophages and mast cells |
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Effector cells of the humoral adaptive immune response?
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helper T cells (TH, CD4 ) and B-cells
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Effector cells of the cellular adaptive immune response?
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Helper T-cells (TH) and cytotoxic T- cells (TC, CTL and CD8)
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The compliment system is made up of?
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Plasma proteins
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Compliment functions?
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opsonize pathogens, recruit inflammatory and immunocompetent cells, kill certain bacteria
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antibody : antigen complexes activate the complement system by?
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direct binding
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The formation of membrane-attacking complexes results in?
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pores in cell membranes
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Complement receptors mediate ingestion of complement-bound proteins by _____________?
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phagocytes
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Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into?
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Myeloid an Lymphoid progenitors
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Mast cells, granulocytes and macrophages originate from ______ stem cells.
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Myeloid
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B-cells, T-cells, NK-cells, and dendritic cells (main antigen-presenting cells, APC) originate from______stem cells.
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Lymphoid stem cells
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_____ cells are likely to be the main effector cells during the innate immune response to cancer cells.
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NK cells
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NK Cell-Mediated Innate Immunity is activated by or other cytokines, resulting in the releases of cytotoxic granules (____ and ____) that induce apoptosis
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interferon-γ, perforin and granzymes
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In the humoral immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are?
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Dendritic cells and macrophages
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In the humoral immune response, ingested proteins are digested into oligopeptides ( ____)
and loaded onto _________. |
18-22aa, MHC class II molecules
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The role MHC class II molecules in the humoral immune response?
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present the tumor antigens
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In the humoral immune response, activation of helper T-cells will lead to activation of B-cells, which then _______.
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produce antibodies
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Which portion of an antibody binds to antigens?
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The variable region binds to antigens
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Which portion of antibodies is recognized by receptors on NK cells and phagocytes.
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FC portion, recognized by FC receptors
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In cell mediated adaptive immunity, intracellular antigens are displayed by?
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MHC Class I molecules
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Cell-Mediated Adaptive Immunity does not involve ______?
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Dendritic cells
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Tumor cells constitutively display _______ on the cell surface
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Their own antigen
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On tumor cells, oligopeptide fragments _____ complexed with MHC class I molecules are displayed by ____cell types
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8-11aa and mast cells
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tumor-______ antigens (TSA)
not expressed by normal cells. |
tumor-specific antigens
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tumor- _______ antigens (TAA)
are also expressed by normal cells at certain differentiation stages, in certain cell types or at lower levels |
tumor-associated antigens
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Immunosurveillance is?
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the ability of immune system to detect tumor cells and destroy them
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Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) are mainly?
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cytotoxic T cells (Tc, CTLs, CD8+)
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There is a strong correlation between the presence of TILs and the survival of patients with certain cancers, including:
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ovarian, melanoma, breast and
colorectal cancers |
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Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) are recruited by tumor cells via chemokine
(CCL22) secretion. This inhibits both Th _______cells and Tc _______ cells. |
(CD4+ and CD25-) and (CTL, CD8+ CD25-) cells
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Regulatory T-cells can affect effector T-cells b/c they are both _________.
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CD4+ & CD25+
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Cancer cells evade the immune response by suppressing the cell surface display of?
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Tumor antigens on MHC Class I molecules
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Cancer cells also suppress the immune response by suppressing immunocytes through?
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• induction of immunocyte apoptosis
• secretion of cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10) |
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Immunity-Mediated Cancer Therapy involves these 4 methods?
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- immunostimulants (IFN-α, IL-2)
- cancer vaccines (in clinical trials) - adoptive T-cell transfer (in clinical trials) - monoclonal antibodies |
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Immunity-Mediated Cancer Therapy g produced in E. Coli using recombinant DNA technology?
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Interferon-alfa (IFN-α)
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MOA of Interferon-alfa (IFN-α)?
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stimulates cytotoxic activity of CTLs, NK cells and macrophages.
• upregulates MHC class-I and other surface markers |
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Intron A?
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Interferon-alfa 2B
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Intron A is dosed at 2-30 million units/m2, sq, im or iv, daily or every other day for the following cancer types:
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melanoma and lymphoma
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The clinical toxicities of Intron A include?
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flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, headache) and myelosuppression
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Interferon-alfa 2A?
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Roferon-A
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therapeutic uses of
Interferon-alfa 2A (Roferon-A®): dosing: 9 million units/m2 /day, ____ for cancer types: |
SQ, for CML (leukemia) and melanoma
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Clinical toxicities of Roferon-A?
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flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, headache) and myelosuppression
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ALL?
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
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CLL?
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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AML?
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Acute myelogenous leukemia
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CML?
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia
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HCL?
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Hairy cell leukemia
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Interleukin 2?
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IL-2, Aldesleukin, PROLEUKIN
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Source and structure of recombinant IL-2?
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Produced in E. Coli using recombinant DNA technology
• 15.3 KD protein |
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Aldesleukin, PROLEUKIN MOA?
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stimulates proliferation & growth of IL-2-dependent cells
• enhances cytotoxic activity of CTLs and NK cells |
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therapeutic uses of Aldesleukin, PROLEUKIN:
dosing: 600,000 – 720,000 ___ IU/kg, every 8 hours up to 5 days for ________. cancer types: , renal |
IV, for melanoma and renal cancers
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Clinical toxicities of Aldesleukin, PROLEUKIN?
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Cardio toxicity
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Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the ______ arm of the immune
system directly in vivo. |
Adaptive
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Antigen-loaded dendritic cells represent?
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intensive ongoing research to develop cancer vaccines to TREAT cancers
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Adaptive T-cell transfer has achieved partial response in some patients with metastatic _______.
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Melanoma
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Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is the toxicity mediated by _______.
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NK cells
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Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) involves ________?
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Formation of MAC complex that will lead to cell death
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Macrophages can be _____ and _____?
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Antigen presenting cells and cytotoxic cells
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Killer proteins of the innate immune system are_____?
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Compliment
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