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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is stress
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Stress consists of tension, discomfort and physical symptoms that occur when a situation strains our ability to cope effectively.
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How have researchers approached the study of stress?
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Stress as stimuli, stress transaction, stress as a response
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Stress as a stimuli, focuses on the ......... of stressful events.
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types
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Stress as a transaction focuses on the transaction between people and their ..... .
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environment
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Stress as transaction is involved in how people ..... and ..... with an event.
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Interpret, cope
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According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984) how do people determine whether an event is stressful?
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Through primary appraisal (is an event harmful?), followed by secondary appraisal (how well can we cope with it?)
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Problem focused coping of stress
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when we are optimistic and want to achieve our goals, we are easily taking up life's challenges
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Emotion focused coping
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Trying to place positive feelings on problems, situations and engage in behaviours to reduce painful emotions
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Stress as a response
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How to people react to stress?
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Corticosteroids
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Stress hormones that activate the body and prepare us to respond to stressful circumstances.
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Why is it difficult to measure stress?
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Because of the subjectivity.
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What are two measurements that are commonly used in regards to stress?
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SRSS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale), Hassles Scale
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What are hassles?
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Small annoyances that strain ability to cope
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How does the hassles scale work?
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It assesses HOW stressful events are ranging from small annoyances to major daily pressures.
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What is a typical mechanism of stress (introduced by Selye)?
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The general adaption syndrome (GAS): All stressors take us through the three stages of alarm, resistance and exhaustion
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In which treatment is GAS applied to?
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The virtual exposure therapy
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How does the body react to stressors? (Alarm reaction)
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producing of adrenaline, excitation of autonomic nervous system (ANS), physical symptoms of anxiety
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Which parts of the brain does anxiety stimulate?
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Region of the midbrain- amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus
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How can the mind body link be supported in terms of how stress is triggered and how it affects the body?
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Through the hypothalamus- pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis: Signals of fear are received through hypothalamus, hooks up with the pituitary gland and then releases hormones such as adrenaline- which triggers anxiety.
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fight or flight response
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Physiological and psychological reactions that mobilise us to either confront or leave a threatening.
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What happens during the resistance period?
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We are trying to find ways of coping with the fear, e.g. breathing for relaxation, normalising situations,
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The last stage of GAS is
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exhaustion, where we have handled the stressful situation.
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Tend to befriend
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More likely to appear in women, looking for social support when under stress.
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Nocebo effect
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Beliefs create reality
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Antigens
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Skin, protecting as from bacteria
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pathogens
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disease producing organism
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Phagocyte and hymphocyte are...
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white blood cells which assist immune system in fighting bacteria.
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What are immune system disorders?
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), when immune system is not active, autoimmune disease like arthritis when immune system is overactive
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psychoneuroimmunology
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the study of the relationship between the CNS (Central Nervous System) and immune system
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Stress predicts cold because of stress affects health related behaviours (poor sleep, drinking of alcohol)
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True
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What was once called psychosomatic is now referred to....
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Psychophysiological- emotions contribute to illnesses and maintain the physical condition.
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Biopsychosocial
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the view that physical, psychological and social factors have an influence on illness
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coronary heart disease (CHD)
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partial or full blockage of arteries that provides heart with oxygen
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How did researchers call the personality associated with CHD?
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Type A Personality (competitive, hard- driving, ambitious, impatient.
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Which emotion is a strong predictor for heart attackes?
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Anger and hostility
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Type D personality
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people who experience negative emotions but inhibit them
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Health Psychology
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The study of behaviour in regards to medicine
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Personal inertia
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difficulty to overcome personal inertia and try something new.
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Who was one of the first influential health psychologists?
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Shelly Taylor
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Health psychology development- what was believed to be the cause of illness during the time of ancient greeks?
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Hippocrates' imbalance of fluid in body leads to ill health
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In the middle ages illness was based on
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religion, sinning
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How were diseases treated during the middle ages?
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torturing until people confessed, if they died it was god's punishment.
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What was the basis for the biomedical model as we know it today?
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Mind-Body Dualism
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who was the most influential philosopher during the renaissance?
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Rene Descartes
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What was practiced for the first time during renaissance, that was a great milestone for the biomedical model?
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Autopsies
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Psychosomatic
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When psychological pain becomes physical
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What evidence is there for psychosomatic medicine?
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peptic ulcers (Geschwuere)- 80% of bacteria was present but 4/5 people had bacteria but no ulcers.
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Irritable bowel syndrome
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a diagnosis doctors come to when all the other conditions have been locked out- it is supposed to be purely psychological
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Why do we need health psychology?
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Changing patterns of illness and mortality rates (used to be from contagious diseases whereas now it is cancer)
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How does the health belief model work?
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It consists of perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and barriers, cues to action.
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Perceived susceptibility
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individual's perception that are likely to develop certain condition- optimistic bias
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Susceptibility
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Anfaelligkeit
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Perceived severity
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the perception of what impact that disease has on your life
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perceived benefits and barriers
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benefits and limits associated with a particular life behaviour, e.g. applying sunscreen
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cue to action
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external factors, such as TV ads
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