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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tumor |
Unregulated cell division; mass of cells with no function |
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Benign (Cancer) |
The type of tumor that doesn't affect surrounding tissues |
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Malignant (Cancer) |
The type of tumor that invades surrounding tissues; cancerous |
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Metastasis |
Cells break away from a malignant tumor and starts a new tumor at another location |
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Circulatory System |
Metastatic cells can travel through this system |
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Capillaries |
Lymphatic system collects fluid that leaks from this |
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Lymph nodes |
They filter the lymph |
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Risk Factors |
Increasing a persons chance of developing a disease |
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Carcinogen |
Chemicals that cause cancer |
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Asexual Reproduction |
Reproduction without a partner; genetically identical to parent |
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Sexual Reproduction |
Reproduction are made with a partner; genetically different from one another and from the parents |
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Gene |
Section of DNA that has the instructions for making one protein |
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Chromosome |
A molecule of DNA wrapped around proteins that contain hundreds of genes |
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Centromere |
What holds the duplicated chromosomes together. Called sister chromatids |
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DNA Replication |
DNA duplication |
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Homologous |
Similar genes but different alleles |
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Semi conservative Replication |
Where the result is two identical daughter molecules, each with one parental strand and one new strand |
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Cell cycle |
The life cycle of the cell |
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Interphase |
The DNA replicates |
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Mitosis |
The copied chromosomes are moved into daughter cells |
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Cytokinesis |
The cell is split into 2 daughter cells |
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Mitosis |
Produces genetically identical daughter cells |
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Prophase |
The first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells |
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Metaphase
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(from the Greek μετά, "adjacent" and φάσις, "stage") The stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their most condensed and coiled stage |
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Anaphase |
(from the Greek ἀνά, "up" and φάσις, "stage"), The stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes are split and the sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell. |
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Telophase |
The final stage of mitosis. (Its name derives from the latin word telos which means end.) During this phase, the sister chromatids reach opposite poles. The small nuclear vesicles in the cell begin to re-form around the group of chromosomes at each end. |
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Cytokinesis |
Division of cytoplasm. Starts in telophase. Stage in which two daughter cells are formed from the original one. |
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Checkpoints |
Where proteins survey the condition of the cell. Cell must pass the survey to proceed with cell division |
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Proto-oncogenes |
Genes that code for the cell cycle control proteins |
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Mutation |
A change in the sequence of DNA |
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Oncogenes |
When proto-oncogenes mutate |
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Tumor suppressor genes |
Genes for proteins that stop cell division if conditions are not favorable |
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Angiogenesis |
tumor gets its own blood supply |
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Contact inhibition |
Cells will now pile up on each other |
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The loss of Anchorage dependence |
Enables a cancer cell to move to another location |
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Immortalized |
Cells no longer have a fixed number of cell divisions |
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Multiple hit model |
Process of cancer development requires multiple mutations. Some may be inherited. |
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Biopsy |
Surgical removal of cells or fluid for analysis |
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Needle biopsy |
Removal is made using a needle |
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Laparascope |
Surgical instrument with a light, camera, and small scalpel |
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Chemotherapy |
Drugs that selectively kill dividing cells |
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Radiation therapy |
Use of high-energy particles to destroy cancer cells |
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Gonads |
The organ that produces sex cells; testes, and ovaries |
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Gametes |
Sex genes |
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Homologous Pairs |
Chromosomes are two identical gametes |
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Somatic Cells |
22 pairs of autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes |
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Gametes |
One pair of genes |
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Sex chromosomes |
The chromosome that determines sex
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Meiosis I |
Separates homologous pairs. A crossing over between members of homologous pairs |
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Meiosis II |
Essentially like mitosis; it separates the sister chromatids |
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Crossing Over |
Exchange of equivalent portions of chromosomes between members of a homologous pair |
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Random alignment |
The way in which different pairs of chromosomes align and get separated during meiosis I is random |
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Nondisjunction |
Failure of homologues to separate during meiosis |
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Trisomy |
A gamete that has one too many chromosomes |
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Monosomy |
One too few chromosomes |