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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Organic Chemistry
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the study of compounds that are based on carbon.
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Organic Compounds
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compounds based on carbon
*usually contain carbon carbon and carbon hydrogen bonds |
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There are several million organic componds, but only about a quarter of a million inorganic compounds.
Why are there so many organic compounds? |
1. the carbon can form up to four covalent bonds.
2. carbon atoms can for strong single double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms. these unique bonding properties allow the formation of a variety of structures, including chains and rings of many shapes and sizes. |
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saturated organic compounds
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molecules that contain only single-single carbon bonds
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unsaturated organic compounds
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molecules that contain double or triple carbon bonds.
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Tetrahedral Molecular Shape
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Carbon atom with four single bonds.
The shape results because the elctrons in the four bonds repel each other. In the tetrahedral position, the four bonded atoms and the bonding electrons are as far apart from each other as possible. (109.5 degeres) |
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Trigonal Planar Molecular Shape
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carbon with one double bond and two single bonds
(120 degrees) |
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Linear Molecular Shape
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1. carbond with two double bonds.
2. carbon with one triple bond and one single bond (180 degrees) |
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Bent Molecular Shape
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2 single bonds
2 lone pairs tetrahedral with only two bonds = Bent (104.5 degrees) |
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polar covalent bond
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covalent bond between two atoms with different electronegativities
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electronegativity
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measure of how strongly an atom attracts electrons in a chemical bond
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Every polar bond has a Bond Dipole.
What is a bond dipole? |
a partial negative charge and a partial positive charge
eg. water (H2O) * C-C or C-H bonds are considered non polar |
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Molecular Polarity
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An overall imbalance of charge. The molecule has a region of partial positive charge and partial negative sharge.
*not all molecules with polar bonds are polar (eg. carbon dioxide has two polar bonds, but is a non polar molecule) |
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Predicting Molecular Polarity
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Step 1:
no polar bonds = non polar molecule polar bonds = Step 2 Step 2: one polar bond = polar molecule more than one polar bond = Step 3 Step 3: bond dipoles do NOT counteract each other = polar molecule bond dipoles that DO conteract each other = non-polar |
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Hydrocarbons
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simplest type of organic compound.
widely used as fuels non polar compounds classified as either aliphatic or aromatic eg. gasoline, propane and natural gas |
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
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contains carbon atoms that are bonded in one or more chains and rings. Contain single double and triple bonds. Aliphatic hydrocarbons include straight chain and cyclic alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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based on the aromatic Benzene group (C6H6)
*benzene actually has six identical bonds each somewhere between a double and a single bond. |
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Alkane
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A hydrocarbon that contains sinlge bonds only.
CnH2n=2 |
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Cycloalkane
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an Alkane in the shape of a ring.
CnH2n |
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Alkene
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a hydrocarbon that contains at least one double bond.
same formula as cycloalkanes: CnH2n |
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When an alkene reacts the reaction almost always occurs at the double bond. Why?
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In a double bond, one pair of electrons forms a single bond and the other pair forms an additional, waker bond. The electrons in the additional, weaker bond react faster thatn the electrons in the single bond. Thus, carbon-carbon double bonds are more reactive that carbon-carbon single bonds.
*triple bonds are even more reactive than double bonds. |
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Functional Group
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a eractive group of bonded atoms that appears in all the members of a chemical family.
They help determine the physical and chemical properties of compounds. |
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Alkyne
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a hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond.
CnH2n-n |
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Naming Organic Componds
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prefix + root + suffix
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The Root (of the name of an organic compond)
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Number of carbon atoms = Root
1=meth 2=eth 3=prop 4=but 5=pent 6=hex 7=hept 8=oct 9=non 10=dec |
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The Suffix (of the name of an organic compound)
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alkane= -ane
alkene= -ene alkyne= -yne |
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The Prefix (of the name of an organic compound)
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indicates the name and the location of each branch and functional goup on the main chain. Number the branches so that they have the lowest possible position numbers.
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Alkyl Group
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obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkane.
-yl eg. -CH3 is the alkyl group that is derived frim methane CH4 and is called a methyl group. |
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ortho-
Meta- para- |
ortho-12 and 2 (1,2)
meta- 12 and 4 (1,3) para- 12 and 6 (1,4) |
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general formula
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R + finctional group
where R = alkyl group |
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Why are functional groups a useful way to classify organic compounds?
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1. Compounds with the same functional group often have similar physicial properties.
2. Compounds with the same functional group react chemically in very similar ways. |
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Alchohol
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organic compound that contains the -OH functional group
primary, secondary, tertiary -ol |
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Alkyl Halides (haloalkanes)
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An alkane in which one or more hydrogen aoms have been replaced with halogen atoms, such as F, Cl, Br or I.
R-X Where X=halogen atom Alkyl Halides are similar in structure, polarity, and reactivity to alchohols. |
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Ethers
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An organic compound that has two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom
R-O-R Name: alkoxy group + parent alkane |