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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A Shunt is _____ perfusion with ______ ventilation
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high perfusion, low ventilation
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a "Left Shift" in the oxygen binding curve indicates a _______ in affinity, such as caused by a _______ in BPG or a _______ in CO
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increase
decrease in BPG increase in CO |
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which defect, ventilation or perfusion, resolves with with administration of O2?
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ventilation
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normally, iron in hemoblogin is in the _____ state, but in methemoglobin it is in the ______ state.
_________ are are risk for methemoglobin |
Ferrous 2+
Ferric 3+ (oxidized) newborns (lack of b5 reductase) |
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administration of methylene blue treats ____________
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methemoglobinemia (chocolate colored blood, cyanosis)
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in Carbon Monoxide poisoning, the _____ is decreased, but hte ________ is normal
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saturation
arterial oxygen pressure |
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at altitude, the oxygen binding curve is initially shifted ______, but then eventually shifts _______ due to ________
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left (due to respiratory alkalosis)
right due to production of 2,3BPG |
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Cyanide Poisoning involves an ______ in venous oxygen saturation and content
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increase (tissues can't extract)
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what is the treatment for cyanide poisoning?
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amyl nitrite ---> then thiosulfate
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thermogenin, dinitrophenol, alcohol, and salicylates all cause a __________ in the synthesis of ATP
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decrease (uncouplers = hyperthermia)
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what is the ECG change seen in subendocardial ischemia?
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ST-segment depression
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release of _________ into the cytosol activates apoptosis
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cytochrome c
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the final product of NADPH oxidase is _________, which is formed via the action of what enzyme?
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HCl (hypochlorous acid)
myeloperoxidase |
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the action of catalase is to degrade ________ into __________
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peroxide
O2 and H2O |
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Smokers have reduced levels of which antioxidant of hydroxyl free-radicals?
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Vitamin C
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what is the treatment of acetaminophen toxicity?
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N-acetylcysteine (to increase glutathione synthesis for reduction)
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what are CYP450 inducers?
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alcohol
barbituates phenytoin |
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what are CYP450 inhibitors?
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PPIs
Macrolide antibiontics Histamine blockers |
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Primary Lysosomes are formed from the ______________
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Golgi apparatus
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what is the cause of I-cell disease?
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a defect in the post-translational modification of lysosomal enzymes (due to a deficiency in Phopsphotransferase)
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what are the symptoms/signs of I-cell disease?
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cytosolic inclusions of undigested substrates
psychomotor retardation early death |
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Chediak Higashi syndrome is a defect in ____________ function, which results in ___________ lysosomes and impaired __________
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microtubules
giant chemotaxis of neutrophils |
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Chediak Higasi syndrome causes increased susceptibility to what org?
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Staph aureus
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Mallory bodies are seen in the _______ while Lewy bodies are seen in the __________
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liver (ubiquinated cytokeratin in alcoholics)
brain (Parkinsons) |
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Kernicterus is caused by excessive ________ that damages the ___________
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bilirubin
basal ganglia |