Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Histamine, ACh, and gastrin share what in common?
|
They increase gastric acid secretion by parietal cells of stomach.
|
|
Somatostain, GIP, prostaglandin, and secretin share what in common?
|
They downregulate gastric acid secretion.
|
|
Pepsin is released by what?
|
Chief cells of the stomach
|
|
Inactive pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by?
|
H+
|
|
HCO3- secretion by mucosal cells of stomach and duodenum increased by what?
|
secretin (released by S cells of duodenum in response to acid)
|
|
Phenylalanine and tryptophan are potent stimulators of what GI hormone?
|
Gastrin
|
|
What upregulates CCK secretion?
|
Fatty acids and amino acids in duodenum .
|
|
What are the three actions of CCK?
|
1) inc. pancreatic secretion
2) inc. gallbladder contraction (bile needed to emulsify and absorb lipids in duodenum) 3) dec. gastric emptying |
|
What is implicated in loss of lower esophageal tone of achalasia?
|
loss of NO secretion (NO -> increased SM relaxation)
|
|
What are the two actions of GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Peptide)?
|
1) Exocrine: dec. gastric H+ secretion
2) Endocrine: inc. insulin release |
|
Two actions of VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide)?
|
1) inc. intestinal water and electrolyte secretion
2) inc. relaxation of intestinal SM and sphincters |
|
Name three upregulators of H+ secretion.
|
1) Histamine
2) Ach 3) Gastrin |
|
Trypsinogen is converted to active trypsin enzyme by?
|
enterokinase/enteropeptidase (enzyme secreted from duodenal mucosa)
|
|
This enzyme activates other proenzymes and additional trypsinogen in a positive feedback loop.
|
Trypsin (released by pancreas)
|
|
This enzyme hydrolyzes alpha-1,4 linkages to yield disaccharides.
|
salivary amylase
|
|
What two substances inhibit gastric acid secretion?
|
Somatostatin, prostaglandins
|
|
What are the three monsaccharides absorbed by enterocytes?
|
glucose, galactose, fructose
|
|
Glucose and Galactose are taken up by enterocytes by what transporter?
|
SGLT1 (Na+ dependent)
|
|
Fructose is taken up by enterocytes by what transporter?
|
Glut-5
|
|
All monosaccharides transported to blood by what transporter?
|
GLUT-2
|
|
What does conjugating bile acids to glycine or taurine do?
|
It makes them water soluble
|
|
Secondary achalasia may result from what disease?
|
Chagas' disease
|
|
What syndrome is associated w/ esophageal dysmotility involving low pressure proximal to LES?
|
Scleroderma (CREST syndrome)
|
|
Painless mucosal lacerations at GE junction due to severe vomiting. Leads to hematamesis. Typically found in alcoholics and bulimics. Disease?
|
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
|
|
Transmural esophageal rupture due to violent retching. Syndrome?
|
Boerhaave syndrome
|
|
Associated with lye ingestion.
|
Esophageal strictures
|
|
Triad of: (1) dysphagia (due to esophageal webs), (2) glossitis, and (3) iron deficiency anemia. What syndrome?
|
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
|
|
Replacement of nonkeratinized (stratified) squamous epithelium with intestinal (columnar) epithelium in distal esophagus (glandular metaplasia) due to what? Called what?
|
Due to chronic acid reflux (GERD) and called Barrett's esophagus.
|
|
What can Barrett's esophagus become?
|
Adenocarcinoma (BARRett's Becomes Adenocarcinoma, Results from Reflux)
|
|
What three pathogens is esophagitis associated with?
|
HSV-1, CMV, Candida
|
|
What are the risk factors for esophageal cancer?
|
Alcohol/Achalasia, Barrett's esophagus, Cigarettes, Diverticuli (e.g., Zenker's diverticulum), Esophageal web (e.g., P-V)/Esophagitis, Familial ("ABCDEF")
|
|
Where does SCC of esophagus hit?
|
Upper and middle 1/3
|
|
Where does adenocarcinoma of esophagus hit?
|
Lower 1/3
|
|
Worldwide, which esophageal cancer is most common?
|
SCC. In U.S. SCC and adenocarcinoma equal in incidence.
|
|
What part of GI tract does celiac sprue affect?
|
Proximal small bowel
|
|
What part of GI tract does tropical sprue affect?
|
Entire small bowel
|
|
Etiology of Whipple's disease?
|
Infection w/ Tropheryma whippelii (gram positive)
|
|
What tumor marker is used to test for recurrences of CRC?
|
CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)
|
|
FAP with osseous and soft tissue tumors, retinal hyperplasia. Disease?
|
Gardner's syndrome
|
|
FAP with possible brain involvement (gliobastoma). Disease?
|
Turcot's syndrome
|
|
Which part of the colon is always involved with HNPCC/Lynch syndrome?
|
Proximal colon
|
|
Benign polyposis syndrome that leads to hyperpigmented mouth, lips, hands, genitalia?
|
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
|
|
Most common site for carcinoid tumors?
|
SI
|
|
"Nutmeg" appearance of liver due to what disease process?
|
Chronic passive biliary congestion
|
|
Rare fatal syndrome associated with viral infection (VZV and influenza B) that has been treated with salycilates (Aspirin).
|
Reye's syndrome
|
|
What's the relationship of AST and ALT in alcoholic hepatitis?
|
AST > ALT (ratio usually > 1.5). Mnemonic: You're toASTed with alcoholic hepatitis.
|
|
What's the relationship of AST and ALT in viral hepatitis?
|
ALT > AST.
|
|
What lab finding is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
|
alpha-fetoprotein
|
|
Most common metastatic site of hepatocellular carcinoma?
|
Lung
|
|
What syndrome is associated with polycythemia vera, pregnancy, and HCC?
|
Budd-Chiari syndrome
|
|
Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia due to dec. bilirubin uptake.
|
Gilbert's Syndrome
|
|
Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia due to decreased or absent UGT.
|
Gilbert's syndrome (asymptomatic) or Crigler-Najjar syndrome, type I (fatal, absent UGT). C-N syndrome type II is less severe and responds to phenobarbital which inc. liver enzyme synthesis.
|
|
Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia due to defective liver excretion of bilirubin.
|
Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Rotor's syndrome simiilar but even milder and does not cause black liver.
|
|
Increased antimitochondrial antibodies and IgM. Disease?
|
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
|
|
What disease is highly associated with tumor marker CA-19-9?
|
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (also associated with CEA)
|
|
This drug is used for:
1) prevention of NSAID-induced petic ulcers 2) maintenance of PDA 3) used to induce labor |
Misoprostol (PGE-1 analog). Increased production of gastric mucous barrier and decreases acid production. Toxicity = diarrhea, and contraindicated in women of childbearing potential (arbotifacient).
|
|
Common side effect of aluminium hydroxide antacid?
|
Constipation (aluMINIMUM amount of feces). Also hypophosphatemia due to antacids binding phosphate.
|
|
Common side effect of Magnesium hydroxide?
|
Diarrhea (Must Go to the bathroom)
|
|
Common side effect of Calcium carbonate?
|
Hypercalcemia
|
|
What prokinetic drug used for diabetic and post-surgery gastroparesis works via D2-receptor antagonism?
|
Metoclopramide (also used for N/V due to D2 blocking activity in CTZ).
|
|
What mAb to TNF-alpha cytokine used to treat RA and Crohn's disease?
|
Infliximab
|
|
30 yo w/ diarrhea, blood per rectum; intestinal biopsy shows transmural inflammation. Dx?
|
Crohn's disease
|
|
Most common cause of idiopathic hyperbilirubinemia?
|
Gilbert's syndrome
|
|
55 yo w/ chronic GERD presents w/ esophageal cancer. Most likely histologic subtype?
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|
Woman presents w/ alternating bouts of painful diarrhea and constipation. Normal colonoscopy. Most likely Dx?
|
Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
|
|
Name abdominal layers going from outside to inside.
|
Skin
Superficial fascia External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Transversalis fascia Extraperitoneal tissue Peritoneum (Menmonic: Sally Struthers Eats Indian Toddlers To Enlarge Peritoneum) |
|
Falciform Ligament (connections and structures contained)
|
Connects: liver to anterior abdominal wall
Contains: Ligamentum teres Note: derivative of fetal umbilical vein |
|
Hepatoduodenal ligament (connections and structures contained)
|
Connects liver to duodeum
Contains portal triad Note: May be compressed b/w thum and index finger placed in epiploic foramen (of Winslow) to control bleeding. Connects greater and lesser sacs. |
|
Gastrohepatic Ligament (connections and structures contained)
|
Connects Liver to lessure curvature of stomach.
Contains gastric arteries Note: Separtes right greater and lesser sacs. May be cut during surgery to access lesser sac. |
|
Gastrocolic Ligament (connections and structures contained)
|
Connects greater curvature and transverse colon.
Contains gastroepiploic arteries Note: Part of greater omentum. |
|
Gastrosplenic Ligament (connections and structures contained)
|
Connects greater curvature and spleen.
Contains short gastrics Note: Separates left greater and lesser sacs. |
|
Splenorenal ligament (connections and structures contained)
|
Connects spleen to posterior abdominal wall.
Contains splenic artery and vein |
|
Femoral Region general organization?
|
Lateral to medial:
Nerve Artery Vein Empty space Lymphatics ("NAVEL") |
|
Femoral triangle contents?
|
Femoral vein, artery, and nerve
|
|
What does the femoral sheath contain?
|
The femoral vein, artery, and canal (deep inguinal lymph nodes) but NOT femoral nerve.
|