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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Moraine
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Depositional landform that accumulates rock debris as glacier is moved and deposition takes place along margins
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Stream discharge
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Volume of flow per unit time. Increase discharge increases kinetic energy.
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Subduction
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When two plates move toward each other which causes one plate to have to sink below the other into the earths mantle which is the colder, more dense plate.
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Magma
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Consists of molten rock, melted rock, Chrystal's, and dissolved gas
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Asthenosphere
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Part of the upper mantle just below the crust that is like plastic (soft) consisting of molten rock
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Anticlyne
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The unfold of strata that makes an arch like feature, the strata fold up towards the axis
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Pyroclastic flow
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If the eruption column collapses or material gets dense then the gas and tephra ash coming out the flank of the volcano will be at high speeds and dangerous
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Shield volcano
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Very large, low profile volcano composed of thin lava flows built up over central vent. As lava cools? Viscosity increases
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Tensional stress
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Stretches and pulls against rock
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Folding
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Deformation via bending or curving causes by compressional stress
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Reverse fault
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Result from horizontal compression in brittle rock that causes hanging wall to be loves up relation to footwall block
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Volcanic arx
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Chain of volcanoes parallel to subduction zone that form as an oceanic plate subducts under a plate of oceanic crust
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Elastic deformation
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Reversible, takes original shape as strain is let off of rock and rock returns to normal
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Seafloor spreading
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Where two plates are moving away from each other which causes new oceanic crust and lithosphere to form. Bottom of ocean floor, new crust.
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Viscosity
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Resistance to flow (opposite of lucidity) depends primarily on composition and temperature. Increases with increasing Silvia, decreasing with increasing temp.
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Drainage divides
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Line separating neighboring watersheds. Along topographically high points.
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Streamflow
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Mass of water located above base level that has potential energy and then kinetic energy as the flow is forced downstream.
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Floodplains
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Flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream that experiences flooding. Leaves alluvial deposits ON floodplain, with larger particles closes to the channel and smaller particles draping the floodplain.
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Alluvial terracea
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Reminents of earlier floodplain a that existed at a time when a stream was flowing at a higher elevation before it's channel downcut to create a new floodplain at a lower elevation
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River deltas
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Landform at the mouth of a river where it flows into an ocean, lake, sea, etc,
Formed from deposition of sediment as flow from river slows and expands upon entering standing water, resulting in decreased ability to transport material. |
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Base level
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Level below which a stream cannot erode it's valley, typically corresponding with the streams mouth.
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Stream gradient
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Rate of elevation decline in a stream from it's headwater to its mouth
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Glaciers
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Larger natural accumulation of ice that originates on land and flows slot due to stresses induced by it's weight and gravity.
Form by continual accumulation of snow that recrystalizes under it's own weight into an ice mass. |
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Alpine glaciers
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Long narrow glaciers that forms slope on mountains
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Valley glacier
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Type of Alphine glacier that fills a valley initially formed by a stream
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Contental glacier
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Occurs on a much larger scale than Alphine glaciers
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Isostatic depression
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Heavy weight of glaciers causes earths crust to sink
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Isostatic rebound
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After continental glaciation has went away, crust rebounds and land rises since ice is no longer weighing on it.
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Glacial drift
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Any size sediment left behind by retreating glaciers in other words, any glacial deposit.
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Kettle
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Lake formed by retreating blocks of ice that melted and left behind a steep sided hole
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Exogenic process
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External process that put into motion air, water, and ice. Carve, shape, and reduce landscape.
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Endogenic process
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Internal process that produce flows of heat inside earth. Moving, warping, breaking landscape.
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Collision boundaries
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When two plates w continental lithosphere collide subduction ceases and a mountain range is formed by squeezing together and uplifting continental crust on both plates.
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Transform fault boundaries
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Where two plates slide past one another horizontally. Zones of frequent and powerful earthquakes.
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Composite volcanoes
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Steep slopes volcanoes due partly to thick, viscous lava flows that do not travel far down slope from vent.
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Stress
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Force applied to an area
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Confining stress
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Uniform stress where forces act equally in all directions
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Tensional stress
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Stretches and pulls rock apart
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Compressional stress
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Squeezes rock
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Shear stress
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Slippage and translation of rock
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Strain
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Changes in shape, size, or volume due to increasing stress.
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Plastic deformation
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Irreversible, permanent change in rock.
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Brittle materials
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Have a variable region of elastic behavior, but only a small region of plastic behavior before they fracture
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Ductile materials
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Have a small region of elastic behavior, and a large region of plastic behavior before they fracture.
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