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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Environmental Geo? |
The study of the complex relationship between humans and their geological environment. |
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Five Spheres |
1. Biosphere 2. Hydrosphere 3. Lithosphere 4. Atmosphere 5. Extraterrestrial |
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Atmosphere |
The gaseous envelope that encircles the earth. |
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Lithosphere |
Solid portion of the earth from the interior to the crust, composed of rock, unconsolidated rock, minerals, and some soils. |
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Hydrosphere |
All water on the earth, lakes, oceans, rivers, ice, and soil water. |
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Biosphere |
All living and dead organic materials, plants, animals, and soils. |
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Extraterrestrial |
Energy from the sun, meteors, space dust. Long wave radiation from earth to space. |
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Map Projections |
Used to transfer information from the globe to flat surface. |
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Scale |
The measured relationship between the distances on the ground and the distances on the map. |
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Small Scale |
Covers a global region. Cities are basically dots. |
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Large Scale |
A map where you can see individual houses. |
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Representative Fraction |
Distance on the map : Distance on the earths surface (1:1000) |
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Verbal Scale |
What you see on the map is equal to what you see in real life. |
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Line Scale |
A short line divided into segments which represents actual distances on the ground |
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Qualitative Symbols |
Used to indicate presence and location of phenomena. |
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Quantitative Symbols |
Used to indicate presence, location, and quantities of phenomena. |
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Contour Lines |
A special type of line that joins points of equal elevation. Used to identify land forms. |
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Rules of Contour Lines |
Can never cross each other, hachure contour lines show a depression, contour lines that are far apart mean an area isn't steep and vice versa, circle lines means a conical peak of a depression. |
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Rules of V |
The contour lines shaped like a V points upstream. |
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Gradient |
Ventricle differences between 2 known points divided by the horizontal distance between these two same points. |
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Elements |
Substances that cant be changed into other substances by normal chemical methods. |
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Atoms |
Are neutral when they have the same number of negatively charged electrons as the positively charged protons. |
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Ions |
Atoms that aren't neutral. |
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Ionic Bonding |
The attraction of ions of opposite charge to one another resulting in a neutral condition. |
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Covalent Bonds |
When atoms share electrons. |
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Atomic Number |
Refers to the number of protons in its nucleus. |
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Atomic Weight |
The weight of all the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus. |
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Minerals |
Naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid that have definite chemical composition and possess characteristic physical properties. |
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Inorganic |
Indicates that a mineral is not made from living and fossilized organic material. |
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"The Gorillas Can Flirt And Five Queer Things Can Do" |
1. Talc, 2. Gypsum, 3. Calcite, 4. Flourite, 5. Apatite, 6. Feldspar, 7. Quartz, 8. Topaz, 9. Corundum, 10. Diamond. |
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Lustre |
The appearance of light reflected from the surface of a mineral. |
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Diaphaneity |
A minerals ability to transmit light. |
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Transparent |
Minerals transmit light freely. |
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Translucent |
Minerals transmit light although it may be hard to see through them. |
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Opaque |
Minerals do not transmit light at all, appear solid. |
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Cubic |
90', all faces are the same length, 3 axes. |
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Tetragonal |
90', 2 faces are the same length, 3 axes. |
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Hexagonal |
60', 4 axes. |
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Orthorombic |
90', all axes are different lengths. |
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Monoclinic |
At least 1 angle isn't 90', all axes are different lengths. |
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Triclinic |
No 90' angles, all axes are different lengths. |
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Cleavage |
The tendency of a mineral to break along a preferred planes of weakness or weak bonds and typically leaves planar surface when broken. |
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Features of Cleavage |
1. Planar surface 2. Flat 3. Shiny 4. Repeated at different levels |
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Fracture |
Some minerals don't have cleavage planes, they break unevenly and fracture. |
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Rock |
Naturally occurring, consolidated solid material comprised of aggregates of one or more minerals or solidified organic materials. |
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Magma |
Originates deep within the earths lithosphere/upper mantle, due to the melting of rocks and associated minerals. |
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Lava |
The name given to molten rocks when it reaches the earths surface from volcanic activity. |
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Igneous Rock |
Derived from the cooling and crystallization of magma and lava. |
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Rock Texture |
Size of grains in the rock. Influenced by rate of cooling, the original temp of magma, and the specific crystallization temp of mineral. |
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Extrusive Igneous Rocks |
The grains are too small to see with the naked eye. |
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Aphanitic |
Fine grained texture |
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Composition |
The colour of an igneous rock depends on the colour of constituent minerals. |
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Felsic |
Tend to be light coloured |
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Mafic |
A dark coloured phaneritic rock. |
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Crust |
Two components: 1. Oceanic Crust-- About 7km thick 2. Continental Crust-- 35-40km thick |
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Lithosphere |
Comprised of the crust and upper part of the mantle. |
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Asthenosphere |
Upper part of the mantle which is soft and weak due to warmer temp. |
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Mantle |
A solid rocky shell from the bottom of the crust down to 2900 km. Makes up 82% of the earths volume. |
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Lower Mantle |
Increased pressure overrides increasing temperature and the rocks get stronger in the lower mantle. 660-2900 km deep. |
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Core |
Iron rich material, average density 11g/cm^3 |
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Outer Core |
2270 km thick liquid layer that flows. |
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Inner Core |
Has a radius of 1216km where pressure is so great it behaves as a solid. |
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Paleoatitude |
Possible to determine the position of an ancient part of a continent relative to the geographic north or south. |
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Lithospheric Plates |
The outer layer of the earth consists of mobile slabs of the lithosphere. |
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Oceanic Plates |
5-10km thick, basalts, more dense 3.0g/cm^3. |
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Continental Plates |
20-90km thick, more silica rich igneous, sedementary, and metamorphic, less dense 2.7/cm^2. |
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Three Types of Lithospheric Plates |
1. Divergent (spreading) 2. Convergent (compression, subduction) 3. Transform (strike/slip) |
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Divergent Boundaries |
Creating new crust on the outside of the earth, typically oceanic, active volcanism, higher than normal heat flow, and shallow earthquakes. |
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Convergent Boundaries |
2 lithospheric plates are driven towards each other in collision. The denser plate is forced beneath and down into the mantle. |
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Oceanic- Oceanic Convergent Boundaries |
Either plate can be sub ducted, presence of a trench. Benioff zone can be steep or very steep. |
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Oceanic- Continental Convergent Boundaries |
Oceanic plate is always sub ducted beneath continental plate. Volcanism, earthquakes, and benioff zone can be shallow. |
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Continent- Continent Convergence Collision |
Neither continental plate will be sub ducted due to isostasy. Major mountain building. |
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Transform Boundaries |
Lithospheric material is neither created nor consumed, a break along two plates which grind past each other. No volcanism, subduction, or benioff zone. |
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Hot Spots |
Plate moves not the mantle plume, so old volcanoes die and new volcanoes are formed. |
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Sedimentary Rocks |
Formed by the consolidation and lithification of sediments and/or ion in solution. |
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Clastic (Detrital) Sedimentary Rocks |
Made from weathered fragments of pre-existing rocks. Look at clast size, composition, sorting, and angularity and sphericity. |
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Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks |
Rocks derived from a process in which organisms were involved, or carbonate rocks (limestone, dolostone, chalk) were involved. |
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks |
A chemical process where ions are pushed out of a solution. |