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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
motivation |
A stimulus that can direct behavior, thinking, and feeling. |
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incentive |
An association established between a behavior and its consequences, which then motivates behavior. |
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extrinsic motivation |
The drive or urge to continue a behavior because of external reinforcers. |
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intrinsic motivation |
The drive or urge to continue a behavior because of internal reinforcers. |
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learning |
A relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences. |
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habituation |
A basic form of learning evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or often to an event following multiple exposures to it. |
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stimulus |
An event or occurrence that generally leads to a response. |
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neutral stimulus |
A stimulus that does not cause a relevant automatic or reflexive response. |
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classical conditioning (or Pavlovian conditioning) |
Learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other; when an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response. |
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unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
A stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed. |
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unconditioned response (UCR) |
A reflective, involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus. |
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conditioned stimulus (CS) |
A previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associate with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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conditioned response (CR) |
A learned response to a conditioned stimulus. |
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acquisition |
The initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning. |
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stimulus generalization |
The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response. |
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stimulus discrimination |
The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli sufficiently different from it. |
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extinction |
In classical conditioning, the process by which the CR decreases after repeated exposure to the CS in the absence of the UCS; in operant conditioning, the disappearance of a learned behavior through the removal of its reinforcer. |
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spontaneous recovery |
In classical conditioning, the reappearance of the conditioned response following its extinction; occurs in response to the conditioned stimulus after a period of rest. |
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higher order conditioning |
With repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus, the second neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus as well. |
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conditioned taste aversion |
A form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a particular food or drink with illness. |
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adaptive value |
The degree to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive. |
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biological preparedness |
The tendency for animals to be predisposed or inclined to form associations. |
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conditioned emotional response |
An emotional reaction acquired through classical conditioning; process by which an emotional reaction becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus. |
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operant conditioning |
Learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated with their consequences. |
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law of effect |
Thorndike's principle stating that behaviors are more likely to be repeated when followed by pleasurable outcomes, and those followed by something unpleasant are less likely to be repeated. |
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reinforcers |
Consequences, such as events or objects, that increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring. |
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reinforcement |
Process by which an organism learns to associate a voluntary behavior with its consequences. |
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behaviorism |
The scientific study of observable behavior. |
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shaping |
The use of reinforcers to guide behavior to the acquisition of a desired, complex behavior. |
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successive approximations |
A method of shaping that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior. |
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instinctive drift |
The tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors after a behavior pattern has been learned. |
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positive reinforcement |
The process by which pleasant reinforcers are added or presented following the targeted behavior, increasing the likelihood of it occurring again. |
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negative reinforcement |
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a target behavior, which increases the likelihood of it occurring again. |
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primary reinforcer |
A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need, such as food, water, physical contact; innate reinforcer. |
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secondary reinforcer |
Reinforcers that do not satisfy biological needs but often gain their power through their association with primary reinforcers. |
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continuous reinforcement |
A schedule of reinforcement in which every target behavior is reinforced. |
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partial reinforcement |
A schedule of reinforcement in which target behaviors are reinforced intermittently, not continuously. |
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partial reinforcement effect |
The tendency for behaviors acquired through intermittent reinforcement to be more resistant to extinction than those acquired through continuous reinforcement. |
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fixed-ratio schedule |
A schedule in which the subject must exhibit a predetermined number of desired behaviors before a reinforcer is given. |
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variable-ratio schedule |
A schedule in which the number of desired responses or behaviors that must occur before a reinforcer is given changes across trials and is based on an average number of responses to be reinforced. |
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fixed-interval schedule |
A schedule in which the reinforcer comes after a preestablished interval of time goes by; the response or behavior is only reinforced after the given interval is over.
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variable-interval schedule |
A schedule in which the reinforcer comes after a preestablished interval of time goes by, but the length of the interval changes from trial to trial. |
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punishment |
The application of a consequence the decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring. |
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positive punishment |
The addition of something unpleasant following an unwanted behavior, with the intention of decreasing that behavior. |
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negative punishment |
The removal of something desirable following an unwanted behavior, with the intention of decreasing that behavior. |
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model |
The individual or character whose behavior is being imitated. |
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observational learning (or social cognitive learning) |
Learning that occurs as a result of watching the behavior of others. |
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prosocial behaviors |
Actions that are kind, generous, and benefit others. |