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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Changes in the amount of what you are measuring are _____. |
quantitative |
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Changes in the overall nature of what you are measuring are ____. |
qualitative |
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laws and programs related to the well-being of children and families |
social policy |
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Different developmental pathways/experiences may result in the same outcome |
equifinality |
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Same paths may lead to different developmental outcomes |
multifinality |
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Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change |
contexts |
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Progressively more complex interactions between an active, changing human and the environment that occur over time |
proximal processes |
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model of human behavior which states that learning occurs in a social context and that much of what is learned is gained through observation |
social cognitive learning theory |
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observation which records behavior in the natural setting |
naturalistic observation |
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observation which structures a situation that is likely to evoke the behaviors of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior |
structured observation |
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Strengths and limitations of naturalistic observation: |
Strengths- natural setting |
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Strengths and limitations of structured observation: |
Strengths- greater research control |
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The effects of the observer on the behavior displayed |
observer influence |
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The tendency of the observer to notice and report events he is expecting to see |
observer bias |
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Type of study in which the same group of individuals is measured repeatedly over time |
longitudinal study |
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Type of study that compares specific behavior of individuals of different ages at the same time on the same tasks |
cross-sectional design |
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Study which follows multiple groups of participants in distinct age groups over time |
cross-sequential study |
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Differences between groups caused by different life experiences |
cohort effect |
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strands of genes that store and transmit genetic info (DNA) to help direct development |
chromosomes |
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Humans have __ pairs of chromosomes. |
23 |
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segment of DNA located at a particular site on a chromosome that codes for the production of certain kinds of proteins; |
genes |
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all of a person's genes, including those that are active and silent |
genotype |
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genetically based characteristics that are actually shown; visible expression of characteristics created by the interaction of the genetic makeup and the environment |
phenotype |
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an alternate form of a gene for a particular trait: typically an individual gets one from each parent |
alleles |
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when alleles from both parents for a particular trait are different |
heterozygous |
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alleles from both parents for a particular trait are the same |
homozygous |
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when numerous genes interact to promote a particular characteristic, i.e. height |
polygenic inheritance |
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when a single gene has many different influences |
pleiotropic effects |
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alleles are imprinted so that 1 member of the pair is always activated |
genomic imprinting |
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too many or too few chromosomes, or a change in chromosome structure caused by breakage |
chromosome disorders |
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complex inheritance; a combination of genomic imprinting and X-linked chromosome disorder |
Fragile X Syndrome (mental retardation) |
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disorders caused by the interaction of many genes and environmental influences; |
multifactorial inheritance |
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the degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment |
canalization |
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genes are activated or silenced in response to events or circumstances in the environment |
epigenetics |
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The first stage of pregnancy from conception to two weeks |
Zygote (germinal) Stage |
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The second stage of pregnancy from 2-8 weeks |
Embryonic Stage |
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The final stage of pregnancy from 2 months to birth |
Fetal Stage |
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3 Stages of Delivery |
Labor, Birth, Expulsion of the Placenta |
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Evaluation of a newborn's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color |
APGAR score |
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sympathetic pregnancy in which a man experiences a variety of psychosomatic symptoms associated with pregnancy and childbirth while his partner is pregnant |
Couvade |
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What is considered a low-birth weight baby? |
less than 5.5 pounds |
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How early is a baby considered premature? |
born before 37 weeks |
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When a baby is below their expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy, it is a ___. |
small-for-date infant |
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A period of time during which development is occurring rapidly and the organism is especially sensitive to damage, which is often severe and irreversible |
critical period |
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environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development and cause malformations or termination of pregnancy |
teratogen |
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The effects of teratogens depends on 5 factors: |
dose, timing, length of exposure, heredity, |
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Consequences of prenatal malnutrition in the first trimester: |
miscarriages or babies with physical defects |
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consequences of prenatal malnutrition in the later pregnancy: |
low birth weight, small heads, CNS damage |
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Effects of prenatal maternal stress: |
reduces blood flow to the uterus and deprives fetus of full supply of oxygen; stress hormones cross the placenta |