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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Normal total water intake |
2,500 mL |
|
sodium (na+) ranges |
135-145 mEq/L |
|
Potassium normal ranges (k+) |
3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
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calcium (ca+) normal ranges |
8.4-10.6 mg/dL |
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magnesium (mg+) normal ranges |
1.3-2.1 mg/dL |
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phosphate (-po) |
2.7-4.5 mg/dL |
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chloride (-cl) normal ranges |
96-106 mEq/L |
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bicarbonate (-hco3) normal ranges |
22-26 mEq/L |
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body has how many liters of circulating blood vol. |
4-6 liters |
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thirst mechanism is located in the |
hypothalamus |
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process by which substances move back and forth across a membrane ... move from high to low concentration in |
diffusion |
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movement of a pure solvent across a membrane... from less solute to a greater concentration |
osmosis |
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healthy kidney regulates fluid and electrolyte balance by regulating the |
volume and composition of ecf (extra cellular fluid) |
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s/s of dehydration |
dizziness, confusion, cool, dry skin, dark urine, lower b.p., elevated temp., flat veins, + pulse, skin turgor, thirst, weak, thready pulse, weakness |
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Makes up approximately 1/3 of the total body water and high in sodium content |
Extracellular Fluid |
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fluid within the blood vessels |
Intravascular Fluid |
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Gastrointestinal secretions, Pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and pericardial fluids |
Transcellular Fluids |
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s/s of overhydration |
Weight gain Crackles in the lungs (wet lungs) Slow bounding pulse Elevated blood pressure Possibly edema |
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Hyponatremia causes |
Sodium deficit; can be from decreased sodium or increased water intake and retention (May be caused by excessive vomiting or diarrhea) loss of bile |
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Hypernatremia causes |
Sodium excess; most commonly from water loss from fever or respiratory infection |
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Hypokalemia causes |
inadequate potassium or loss of body water; may be from poor diet, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, or diuretic therapy |
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Hyperkalemia causes |
Occurs with burns, crush injuries, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and renal failure |
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Hypocalcemia causes |
Occurs with nutritional deficiency of calcium or vitamin D or in bone disorders such as metastatic cancer of the bone (shift of calcium into the bone) |
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Hypercalcemia causes |
Most cases related to hyperparathyroidism or malignancy such as multiple myeloma, excess of vitamin d or antacids |
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Hypomagnesemia causes |
malabsorption, malnutrition, renal tubular dysfunction, thiazide diuretic use, extensive gastric suction, or diarrhea |
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Hypermagnesemia |
Occurs only in presence of renal failure, near drowning of sea water and overuse of antacids |
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Hypochloremia a Chloride level below 96 mEq/L is associated with |
hyponatremia, usually from severe vomiting |
|
Hyperchloremia a chloride level above 106 mEq/L is associated with |
hypernatremia and a form of metabolic acidosis |
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Hypophosphatemia causes |
result from use of aluminum-containing antacids, from vitamin D deficiency, or from hyperparathyroidism |
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Hyperphosphatemia causes |
Commonly occurs in renal failure |
|
Death may occur if pH is |
less than 6.8 or greater than 7.8 |
|
Carbonic acid retained or removed by |
respiratory system |
|
Bicarbonate retained or removed by |
kidneys |
|
Acts as buffer to neutralize excess acids in the body and maintain bicarbonate-to-carbonic acid ratio |
Bicarbonate |
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bicarbonate-to-carbonic acid ratio at |
20:1 |
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Acid-Base Balance Control mechanisms |
Blood buffer system, Lungs,Urinary system |
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Respiratory Acidosis |
pH will be decreased, below 7.35 Airway obstruction Pneumonia, asthma Chest injuries Opiate intake Chronic obstructive lung disease |
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Metabolic Acidosis |
•pH is below 7.35. (bicarbonate level will be below 22) Kidney disease Diabetic ketoacidosis (Kussmaul’s) Circulatory failure Shock states |
|
Respiratory Alkalosis |
pH will be greater than 7.45 Anxiety High fever Hyperventilation Salicylate poisoning (ASA overdose) Encephalitis |
|
Metabolic Alkalosis |
•pH greater than 7.45 (•bicarbonate will be greater than 26) loss of acid, commonly caused by gastric suction by Ng tube or ingestion of too much baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). Vomiting Excessive antacid consumption Diuretic therapy Potassium deficit |
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signs and symptoms •Hyponatremia |
•Altered LOC•Anxiety•Nausea, vomiting |
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signs and symptoms •Hypernatremia |
•Dry mucous membranes•Thirst•Weakness, lethargy |
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signs and symptoms Hypokalemia |
•Abdominal pain, cardiac dysrhythmia •Paralytic ileus (decreased bowel sounds), increased urine pH |
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signs and symptoms Hyperkalemia |
•Weakness, lethargy•Paralysis•Hypotension, ECG changes |
|
signs and symptoms Hypocalcemia |
•+ Chvostek’s sign, paresthesias •Seizures, wheezing•Swallowing problems |
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signs and symptoms Hypercalcemia |
•Anorexia, abdominal pain•Renal calculi•Fractures (due to bone loss) |
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signs and symptoms Hypomagnesemia |
•+ Chvostek’s sign, twitching•Hypocalcemia, hypokalemia |
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signs and symptoms Hypermagnesemia |
•Hypotension, nausea•Vomiting, paralysis•Respiratory depression, ECG changes |
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myplate grains recomendation
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6 oz. of grains every day with at least half being whole grain products
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myplate veg. recomendation
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Three to five servings of vegetables are recommended
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myplate fruit recomendation
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Inclusion of 2 cups of fruit, with mostly fruit rather than juice, each day is recommended
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myplate milk recomendation
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Low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese comprise the milk group
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Which organ in the body regulates fluid and electrolyte balance?
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Kidney
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Hyponatremia may be caused by
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congestive heart failure (CHF).
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Which may cause hyperkalemia?
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Renal failure
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A patient has end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which acid-base imbalance would be predictable in a patient with COPD?
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respiratory acidosis
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What fluid output measurement is the most concerning for a nurse?
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Urine output should be at least 30 mL/hr
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clear liquids when
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bowel sounds are audible
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Jejunostomy tubes are placed into the
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intestine
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Gastrostomy tubes and PEG tubes are placed
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directly into the stomach
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Nephrostomy tubes are placed
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in a kidney
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TPN is a method of delivering nutrition through
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a catheter placed in a large central vein.
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High levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
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tend to cleanse vessels of fatty deposits.
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Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is
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a carrier for triglycerides in the blood.
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Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) causes
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an increase of fat deposits on blood vessel walls.
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accumulation of fatty deposits on the walls of blood vessels.
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Atherosclerosis
|
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corticosteroids cause
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sodium and water retension
|
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chloride is retained with
|
sodium
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500 mL of water =
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1.1 1lbs
|
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1000 mL of water =
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2.2 lbs or 1 kg
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