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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the normal changes in the aging eye? eyelids and lacrimal structures?
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loss of skin elasticity and orbital fat: decreased muscle tone: development of wrinkles
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what are the refractice changes ; presbyopia?
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Lens cannot readily accommodate with aging;
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opacities
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the state of being opaque. an opaque area or spot. the ratio of incident light to transmitted light in a specific area or on a radiograph.
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presbyopia
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the permanent lossof accommodation of the crystaline lens of the eye that occurs when people are in their mid-40's. inability to maintain focus on objects held near to the eye.
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cataracts
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lens develops opacities
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posterior vitreous detachment
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liquefaction and shrinkage of vitreous body
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finding in posterior vitreous detatchment
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client reports light flashes, cobwebs, and floaters
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age-related macular degeneration
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yellowish aging spots in the retina appear and coalesce( to fuse or run together) in the macula
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sclera
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white of the eye
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iris
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highly vascular, pigmented portion of the eye surrounding the pupil
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pupil
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is an opening that dilates and constricts in response to light.
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myopia
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nearsightedness
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astigmatism
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cross eyed
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ptosis
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drooping eyelid
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hyperopia
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farsightedness
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when is a person considered legally blind
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20/200
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pupil
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dark center of the eye that dialtes and contracts to adjust to dark and light
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cornea
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the transparent part of the eyeball which covers the iris and pupil. a tear cilm normally coats the cornea, keeping the eye moist
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aqueous chamber
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directly behind cornea . filled with clear fluid for the purpose of maintaiensning the pressure of the eye
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lens
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the transparent, dual convex body which focuses light rays onto the retina. it is normally capable of changing shape to allow the eye to focus on both near and distant images.
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retinal cell layers
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the membrane on the inner wall of the eyeball whcih receives the image from the lens and converts it into nerve impulses
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sclera
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white, dense, fibrous outer coating of the eyeball
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optic nerve
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transmits nerve impulses from the retinal cell layers to the brain
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tonometer
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used to measure pressure in the anterior chamber of the eye for glocoma
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sullen chart
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chart used to measure visual acuity
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opthalmoscopy
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is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the back of the eye and other structures using a magnifying instrument and a light source. detects problems or diseases of the eye, such as retina problems.
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what are some nursing interventions with a patient with sensory deficit?
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1. achieve independance (goal)
2. assist with ADL's 3. Help a person walking by offering elbow. 4. talk in normal tones, identify self when entering room before proceeding with care. |
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signs and symptoms of eye trauma
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eye is painful * vision may be blurred * client squeeze eyelids closed * diplopia * swelling and bleeding * black eye * hemorrahage in subconjunctival tissue * eye may appear to receede * change in size or shape of pupil * purulent drainage in conjuncitival sac.
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diagnostic findings of eye trauma
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staingin the surface with fluorescein dye identifies a foreign body or abrasion to the cornea * a slit-lamp exam provides magnification and light to visualize structures in the anterior and posterior segments. * radiography and cpmuted tomography help find a penetrating foreign body * a radiograph confirms an orbitial fracture
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astigmatism
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defect of the curvature of the cornea and lens producing refractive errors.
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strabismus
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cross eyed
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how to do an irrigation to a person with a chemical splash (what side does the patient lie on)
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open eyelid and wash with copious water.
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teach pt. how to put in eyedrops
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1. wash hands thouroughly
2. pull the tissue near the cheek downward, formng a sac in the lower lid 3. tilt head slightly back and toward the eye in which the meds is to be installed 4. do not touch tip of container on eye 5. instill the number of gtts. 6. close eye gently 7. wipe away excess 8/ secrire dressomg tp face with tape and eyeshield 9/ do not rub eye |
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corneal scratches and foreign objects are detected by using what?
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fluroscein dye
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what is the purpose of an eye shield when they are used?
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additional protection, especially at night
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conjunctivitis
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inflammation of the conjunctiva. "pinkeye"
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what causes conjuncitivitis
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bacterial, viral or rickettsial infection.. air transmission or direct contact. allergic reaactions or foreign bodies in the eye
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medications for conjuncitivitis
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anitibiotic or antiviral ointments or drops. warm soaks or sterile saline if allergies, antihistamines
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blepharitis
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inflammation of the eyelid. usually staph
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what is blepharitis caused from
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hypersecretion of sabacious glands
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how blepharitis treated
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topical anitbiotic ointment
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sty (Hordeolum)
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inflammation and infetion fo the zeis or moss gland a type of oil gland at the edge of the eyelid
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causes of hordeolum?
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staphlococcus aureus is most common cause of sty. microorganisms multiply in the oil gland
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treatment of hordeolum?
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warm soalks and topical antibiotic
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chalazion
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a cyst of one or more meibomian glands
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what causes chalazion?
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when the meibomian glands becomes obstructed and the release of sebaceious secretions is blocked.
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medical mgmt for chalazion
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warm soalk and massage the surrounding area. if cyst firm or becomes infected then surgury is required.
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macular degneration
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breakdown or damage to the macula.
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patho of macular degneration
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more common in aging adults. dry type- the outer layer sof the retina break down over a long period of time and yellowish spots (drusen) are apparent on the retina.when the drusen form on the macula then blurred vision occurs.
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medical mgmt for dry macular degeneration
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no treatment or cure
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wet type of macular degeneration
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stem from opeingin between one of the membranous layers of the retina and the choroid. serous fluid seeps into the separation, like a blister, and elevates and area of the retina. blood vessels grow into the defect and produce a subretinal hemorrhage. after the bleed, scar tissue forms
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medical mgmt for wet macular degeneration
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phoocoagularion to seal the serous leak and destroy the encroachment of blood vessels in the area.
Photodynamic therapy used to reduce the proliferation of blood vessels. |
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glaucoma -
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secondary to other eye disorders. congeintal . older than 40.
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open angle glaucoma
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when structure s in the draingage system dengenerate and exit channels for aqueous fluid become blocked. as the iop rises, it causes edema of the cornea, atrophy of nerve fivers in the peripheral areas of the retina and degeneration of the optic nerve.
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symptoms of open angle glaucoma
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many have no symptoms. little eye discomfort and occasional and temporary blurred visio, halos around lights, reduced peripheral vision and the feeling that their eyeglass prescription needs to be changed
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treatment of glaucoma open angle
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can be controlled with miotics (Miostgat and Pilocar) which constrict the pupil.
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closed angle glaucoma
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anatomically narrow angle at the junction where the irirs meets the cornea.
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symptoms of closed angled glaucoma
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eyes are rock hard, painful and sightless. nausea and vomitting may occur
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surgical pts. with glaucoma
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iridectomy(section of the iris is removed), laser trabeculoplasty(burn hole in iris to increas areas for drainage) and corneal trephine(
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closed angle glaucoma is an emergency
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vision can be lost within 1-2 days
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cataracts
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condition in which the lens of the eye becomes opaque
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symptoms of cataracts
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halo around lights. difficulty reading, changes in color vision, glaring of objects and distortion of objects
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med treatment of cataracts
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surgically removed . the lens is removed
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how do you care for post surgical pt./
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tell client avoid coughing or sneeing
2. give antiemetics if nausea 3. patch both eyes and give dilating drugs to keep from squinting 4. tell client to avoid lying on the operative side, bending or lifting 5. adminster stool softners |
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retinal detatchment
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sensory layer becomes separated from the pigmented layer of the retina
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risk factors of retinal detatchment
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sudden blow, penetrating injury or eye surgery. tumors, hemorrhage in front of or behind the retina, and loss of vitreous fluid . advanced diabetic changes in the retin
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signs and symptoms of retinal detatchment
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gaps in visionor blind spots. sensation as being drawn over their field of visionand often see flashes of light. see spots moving, floaters.
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medical mangement of retianl detatchemtn
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pneumatic retinopexy. client must recline for about 16hrs to allow seperated retina fall back toward the choird.
surgivcal : cryosurgury, electrodiathermy, laser reattatchment. |
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external otitis
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inflammation of the tissue in the outer ear *swimmers ear
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finding of external otitis
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external ear looks red. discomfort that increases with manipulation. fever and lymph nodes behind ear enlarged
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treatment of external otitis
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warm soaks, analgesics, antibiotic ear meds.
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middle ear otitis
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acute inflammatio or infection in the middle ear
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labryinthisis
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,,
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