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87 Cards in this Set
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sociology
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study of social life, including all forms of social interaction and relationships
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culture
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consists of the ways of life that people create as they participate in a group or society
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society
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refers to a collection of people living in a defined geographic territory and united by a political system and a shared sense of self-identification that distinguishes them from others
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Defining sports: sports are activities involving
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1. use of physical skill, prowess, or exertion
2. institutionalized competition 3. combination of intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for participation |
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sports as social constructions
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aspects of the social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under social, political, and economic conditions that exist in their society. Identifies things in sports that should or could be changed
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why study sports
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1. sports are given special meaning in our lives
2. tied to important ideas and beliefs 3. connected to major spheres of social life |
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ideologies
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webs of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to the world and make sense of their experiences. People create and organize sports around their ideas and beliefs about bodies, relationships, abilities, character, gender, race, social class etc
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gender ideologies
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web of ideas and beliefs about masculinity, femininity, and male-female relationships.
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racial ideology
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consists of a webs of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to skin color and to evaluate people in terms of racial classification. often used as a basis for evaluating athletic potential or explaining athletic success
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class ideology
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Consists of a web of ideas and beliefs that people use to understand economic inequalities that make sense of their own position in an economic hierarchy in society
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sportsmanship
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ethical behavior exhibited by a sportsperson or athelete generally considered to involve participation for the pleasure gained from a fair and hard-fought contest, refusal to take unfair advantage of a situation or of an opponent, courtesy toward one's opponent, and graciousness in both winning and losing.
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sporting behavior at different levels
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1. behavior of professional athletes influences youth athletes
2. media and coaches emphasize winning and competition 3. athlete needs to be taught fair play, moral development, and character 4. participation in sports tend to be more balanced |
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Kohlberg's six stages of moral reasoning
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Preconventional -punishment and obedience, pleasure or pain-
Conventional- good boy or girl, law and order postconventional- social contract, principled conscience |
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barriers to good sporting behavior
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1. importance placed on winning
2. intellectual understanding 3. coaches attitudes 4. parental pressure 5. traditions and customs |
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Factors related to sporting behavior
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1. sport type
2. performance level 3. position |
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Two types of character
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Social character: teamwork, loyalty, work ethic, and perseverance
moral character: honesty, fairness, integrity, and responsibility |
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sport ethic of high-performance sport
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1. striving for excellence
2. competing to win 3. sacrifice 4. love of the game 5. commitment to team 6. playing with pain and adversity |
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strategies for good sporting behavior
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1. parents teach values to kids at young age
2. coaches and officials need to prohibit play if rules aren't followed 3. parents, coaches model good behavior 4. fans decrease rowdiness and alcohol use 5. professional athletes and organizations must realize that they are role models 6. we must reward good behavior. |
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race
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social category constructed and accepted by society to describe members with genetic similarity
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ethnicity
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the cultural heritage of a group
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racism
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belief in superiority of one race over another
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minority group
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in teh us, all groups except white
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population and sport participation of minorities
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-concentration of minorities in certain areas will likely influence sporting preferences
-latino population no longer concentrated in a few states -AA population is growing the most in the south |
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racial differences in sport
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biological, cultural and social reasons, opportunity structures
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biological reasons
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not supported
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cultural and social reasons
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-emphasis on activities varies by culture
-sport seen as means of social mobility -many athletic role models |
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opportunity structures
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-facilities, resources available
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stacking
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-unusual distribution of whites and blacks in certain sport positions cannot be explained by random distribution
-historically, minorities disproportionately found in specific team positions -white in thinking and outcome control positions -blacks in speed |
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exploitation of minority athletes
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-given special treatment in the classroom
-promoted through grades -pressured into easy majors -grad rates low -AA women are especially exploited -pros and oclleges want athletes in college for reasons not related to athletes best interest |
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hispanic
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all people whose ethnic heritage is traced to spanish-speaking countries
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latino
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typically, reference to people of Latin America
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Latino and Hispanic athletes
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great diversity among latino groups, most known for baseball and soccer
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asian american athletes
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along with latinos, fastest growing minority pop in US. Different path from AA and latinos, sport not used as means toward economic, social, or educational goals.
culture and perhaps body type mean different sporting choices |
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native american athletes
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-.9% of pop- poverty rate 50%
-stereotypical, dehumanizing images used for names, mascots, and logos -NCAA now limiting use of names |
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Legacy of lacrosse
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-created by Native Americans
-skill, speed, agility, it's a fast-paced sport -grown 10% annually over past 15 yrs. -39 states have lacrosse chapters -39.5% increase college 200% increase HS |
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sport as negative force for equality
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1. pro sport is unrealistic career goal
2. college grad rates of black male athletes (48%) above that of black male students 3. black female athletes (68%) -> (50%) -black fam 8 times more likely than whites to pressure child into sport |
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sport as positive force for equality
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1. sport success linked to self-confidence
2. way out of poverty 3. integration is easier through sports 4. school-based prog are free 5. unique travel possibilities raise awareness 6. encourages healthy lifestyle |
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ways to promote diversity in sport
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1. assist in collecting and reporting data
2. require leaders to report racism 3. major sport org need to include minorities at all levels 4. media need to recruit minority journalist 5. get govt support for programs 6. adopt nondiscrimination policies |
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history of women and sport
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-not allowed to be physically active outside of chores
-often excluded from participation or ridiculed for participation until mid-1800s -participation in PA, indiv sports slowly increased -prohibited from olympics until 1920 |
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reasons or myths for not participating
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1. lack of interest
2. harmful to health 3.only ladylike sports appropriate 4. undeserving: quality inferior to men 5. lesbian stigma 6. gender verification practices 7. social attitudes |
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social issues in women's sport (media and images)
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-gender: conflict over orientation labels
-athletic apparel: advances in sports bras, shoes not updates -objectification of athletes: female athletic body now seen as sexy, judged on looks not talent |
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global status of women in sport
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-not all countries progressive
-in 2000, 30% countries didn't send femal athlete to olympics -2008 only 5 didin't -white, middle-class athletes are most supported in developed nations |
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Title IX
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-passed in 1972 part of education act
-prohibits discrimination in federally supported education programs -before title IX participation rates and financial support lopsided -confusion until lawsuits, clarification |
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title IX prongs
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1. proportionality test
2. history of progress test 3. accomodation of interest test |
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women and sport after title IX
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-sport participation nearly = to boys
-make up significant % of sports fans -buy 81% of fitness apparel -increasingly, males watch female sports -atlanta olympics name year of the woman |
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social issues in women's sport (Physical Activity Benefits)
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1. increase self-esteem
2. decreased drug use 3. decreased chance of unwanted pregnancy 4. increased grad rates 5. four out of five women executives played sports |
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Barriers in participation
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Title IX Challenges: football dominance, cut men's teams
-PA participation: in 25-64 women exceed men, in 18-24 men are higher |
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women as leaders in sport
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-1980, 90% of women's teams coached by women, in 2008 42%
-only 21% of college athletic directors are women -only 27% of USOC are women |
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equl pay for equal play
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-all 4 tennis grand slams offered same prize money
-LPGA prizes still lag far behind -Forbes in 2008 top 50 paid athletes male -women do same endorsements for less |
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spending in college sports
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-in 2004/5 division 1 football bowl subdivision schools, men's athletics accounted for 70% of expenses
-school spent more money on football than all women's teams combined - avg money spend on women's was half that of men |
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media coverage in women's sports
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-olympic prime time women's sport increasing but still mostly men
-women's coverage lags behind mens in newsroom (less 10% sports broadcast) |
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social class
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the categories of people who share similar positions in society based on their economic level, education, occupation, and social interaction
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social stratification
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the assignment of class based on inequalities in society such as power, prestige, and wealth
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economic capital
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the financial resources that one has or controls. these affect how we see the world and our opportunities
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social capital
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resources available to a person based on memberships, relationships, and both social and business networks
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cultural capital
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skills and abilities we have based on education and life experiences
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upper class: social class affects sports opportunities
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-wealthy (disposable income)
-exclusive memberships, used to build social capital -can afford exceptional coaching and sport experiences -the highest rates of sport participation -play exclusive sports such as golf, tennis, polo, sailing, horseback riding, skiing -more likely to use health and fitness equipment |
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upper-middle class
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-includes professionals such as lawyers, managers, physicians
-many sport experiences and opportunities |
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middle class
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-makes careful decisions about expenses
-has opportunities in community and school based teams |
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lower class
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plays team sports available and subsidized in the community
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access and barriers to sport (elite level): cost of high-performance training
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-requires economic, social, and cultural capital
-top coaching and training can run as high as $75,000 each year in some individual sports -costs include coaching, facilities, travel, equipment |
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access and barriers to sport: team sports
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often run and subsidized by community. Allows most kids to play (coaching is more affordable)
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access and barriers to sport (hs and community)
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High school sport:
-affluent schools win more championships Community leagues: -serve more children at a modest expense, offer training even in traditionally upper-class sport |
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local communities
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power is in teh hands of admin and boards of directors (parents, politicians)
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national level
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power is in hands of people who control org money. often from upper class/upper-middle, medial moguls, league commissioners, superstar athletes, often white males
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social mobility in sport (educational opportunities)
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-need to stay academiclaly eligible to play
-possibility exists for athletic scholarship (sport helps build social and cultural capital) -college athletes have more opportunities than nonathletes -leaders in business often attribute success to lessons learned through sport |
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is class mobility in sport possible?
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-may be unrealistic expectation
-.2% of HS athletes play professionally -best opportunity to advance is through education |
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deviant behavior
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behavior that is beyond normal behavior; can be good or bad
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underconformity
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breaking the rules, not adhering to norms
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overconformity
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internalizing the rules to the extreme
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rule breaking in sport
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-occurs accidentally and intentionally
-probably less of this behavior now with increase in officiating, media, TV replays. - organizations promote good behavior -include steeper penalties for different types |
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examples of rule breaking
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-modifying equipment
-committing intentional fouls -faking injuries for time-outs -participating in brawls - often done for strategic advantage |
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role of excitement and emotion
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athletes: stress of competition, consumed by emotion, optimal levels of arousal and intensity
Fans: increase in excitement and arousal with tailgating alcohol use, hooliganism |
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violence in society
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-media exposure and occasional leniency to accused offenders who are athletes give perception that athletes are more violent than other segments of society.
-sport mirrors society in violent acts and acceptance of acts |
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on-field violence in sport
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-demands of collision and contact sports
-enforcer rules -societal view of masculinity encouraging warrior mentality |
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off-field violence of sport
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-unclear if on-field violence leads to off-field violence
-alcohol use escalates violence incidence -some sports may not cause more violent off-field behavior, but rather attract people who are already violent -challenges to manhood occur off field |
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violence against women
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-athletes make up 3% of college pop, but account for 19% of sexual assaults and 35% of domestic assaults
-athletes commit one in three sexual assaults -general pop conviction rate 80% for assault athletes 38% |
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consequences of on field violent behavior
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1. shortened careers
2. pressure to return from injuries 3. concussions 4. negative publicity for teams, leagues, org 5. poor behavior modeling |
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performance enhancers
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-athletes may use steroids and other drugs to enhance performance
-not a new phenomenon, but more media exposure |
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types of drugs used by modern athletes
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prescription, stimulants, anabolic steroids, HGH, doping, amino acids
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potential issues with drug use
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-rejection by fans, parents, kids
-withdrawal of financial support -acceptance -long-term health risk -youth athletes emulating big leagues -females: risk with pregnancies -genetic engineering |
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Responding to drug use in sport
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-IOC and WADA effects
-Govt involvement -sport org caring for athletes and seeing it as management and labor issue -media being fair and balanced -parents, educational programs -sport and exercise scientist |
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eating disorders in sport
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up to 33% female athletes reported to have, sport attracts discipline, determined
-increased since title nine -coaches and parent inadvertently encourage |
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female athlete triad
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disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis
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hazing in sport
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mental or physical harm or anxiety and demeaning or degrading behavior regardless of intent or consent.
-80% hazed -dangerous acts increase |
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gambling in sport
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-always been important issue: without public confidence in integrity of the games, popularity would decline
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fan gambling
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-48 out of 50 states allow some type of gambling
-internet makes it easier -illegal wagers result in $380 bil annually -involvement in organized crime -online betting increasing, not yet illegal -college students gamble are more likely to engage in other risky behavior |